Eqyptian Culture Essay Example for Free

Eqyptian Culture EssayAncient Egypt was a fascinating and complex place. Luckily for historians, Egyptians had made great strides in record keeping which have made studying their culture and society easier than some previous historical eras. Ancient Egyptians were a people who were intensely religious, late divided by gender roles and a strong hierarchy, and quite advanced for their period in terms of their technological and economic innovations. Egyptians were deeply religious, and religion vie a role in nearly all aspects of their daily lives. When the ancient Egyptians experienced periods of peace and prosperity, they attributed credit for the success to their deities (Slaughter, 5). The Egyptians experienced centuries of remarkable stability and considered this conjure up to be the ma at, which was Egyptian for the natural order (Slaughter, 5). Even though they considered good order and balance in their society to be natural, it had to be protected by the pharaoh, who wa s considered to have been born mortal but imbued with godhood upon receipt of the throne, and was expected to be an earthly presence of the divine (Slaughter, 5). His religious standing gave the pharaoh a fantastic legal and authoritative position in ancient Egyptian culture.The pharaoh was expected to defend the nation, take responsibility for all administrative duties, declare all of the laws, and let all of the land (Slaughter, 5). For practical reasons, much of the pharaohs responsibilities were delegated to a bureaucracy (Slaughter, 5). Within this bureaucracy, staffed closelyly by men, success was measured by the degree to which a person promoted order and prosperity deep down their stewardship (Slaughter, 5-6). Ancient Egypt had a strong social hierarchy, where a small group of the population, mostly the male elders, formed an elect class that that tightly controlled the rest of society (Slaughter, 7). This hierarchy was rooted in a wide variety of economic, political, r eligious and social causes that imbued those in power with spot in almost all areas of society (Slaughter, 7). The character of most economic and commercial activity at the time created great wealth, power, and opportunities for elite men, while position other men and all women in a position of submission to or dependence on the elite (Slaughter, 7). The division of labor that arose based at first on survival needs created societal attitudes about the roles, attributes, and abilities of men and women (Slaughter, 7).Men were the rulers and hard laborers, while women were the family caretakers (Slaughter, 7). The fertility and sexuality of a woman was her briny contribution to Egyptian society, and these attributes were celebrated throughout the culture (Slaughter, 7). Women were expected to marry at 12 or 13 years of age, and to bear children often within the first year after marriage (Discussion, Ian Falconer). Although women were usually not part of the religious or political rul ing elite, they were highly respected for their fertility, and were given most of the same legal rights as men (Discussion, Keako Crill). In some rare instances, women actually did manage to rise to stations of power and privilege, sometimes as priestesses to a God within the pharaohs bureaucracy (Slaughter, 5), and in four instances, including the case of Hatshepsut, women actually became the supreme rulers of the land (Slaughter, 6). Ancient Egyptians achieved an impressive level of manufacturing and commercial capacitance for their time, which allowed them to achieve great strength and geopolitical dominance. Egyptians took advantage of many opportunities to lead, such as using the mummification process as a chance to learn about anatomy and medicine (Discussion, Katelyn Dreger).The Egyptians also developed a calendar with the same number of days as ours, though more closely bind to the seasons. Their calendar had three seasons, each consisting of four 30 day months, and an ex tra five days between harvest and planting that brought the total days in a year to 365 (Discussion, Tad Gale). This system allowed them to know when to plant and harvest based on the seasons of the year and the rise and fall of the water level in the Nile River in order to get maximum utilization of their vital lands. They also managed to develop a forerunner to our modern day beer by either fermenting water with bread crumbled into it, or by actually fermenting barley and wheat in a similar fashion to modern methods (Discussion, Tad Gale.)Their engine room feats were also impressive, and ranged from the technical prowess that showed itself in their massive pyramids, to the mastery of physics involved in developing advanced chariots that ran faster, quieter, and more stable than their counterparts created by their enemies (Discussion, Blair Vanderlugt). The nature of ancient Egyptian society was quite unique for its time period. Egyptian culture was distinct from neighboring nati ons, and Egyptians had many advantages that gave them an edge politically and commercially.

Peace Project Essay Example for Free

Peace Project EssayWriting is to a greater extent than than speech written down. Because of its permanence and its one-way nature, writing is more elaborate and orderly than speech. We can write more c atomic number 18fully and more accurately than we can speak. This is why educating nestlingren with writing is very vital so that they leave trained to pen down their thoughts clearly. Through WordWeavers project, children are taught to write on a wide variety of topics and explore many different writing styles.They are also encouraged to comment on the writing of other participants and write active the writing process itself, telling about what type of writing they have a go at it most, how they get their ideas, what they do when they are having trouble, etc. Although WordWeavers is a simple project, children impart be basically trained in the process of writing itself where they will be exposed to weaving their own ideas to words and putting it all in paper. Peace Project (Serenity Quest) http//kidspace. kidlink. org/kidspace/start. cfm? HoldNode=8131HoldNav=614Currently, as the world changes its order, many nations are still at war. One example of this is what happened in Israel and Lebanon. As reflective, competent, and concerned citizens of the 21st century, we are constantly confronted with questions about war and peace. In answering, citizens will be forced to sense of equilibrium immediate national interests with those of the world as a whole. With the Peace Project, students will be enjoined to comment about issues of strength, race, war and peace.Irrespective of their curriculum and the country, all educators will develop problem solving and communication skills for the children to live successfully in the Digital Age. This project directly focuses on these skills as the children discuss the social problems of violence in the neighborhood. They are also encouraged to develop strategies to cope with violence and to identify methods of induc ing peace in their neighborhoods. After this, they will be prompt to read and write for themselves their own realizations about the issues tackled.Peace Project is subtle initial step for children to spark peace within their surrounding and this will stag them realize that how better would the world become if everyone will try to respect and understand each other. e-Pals Safe Browser http//safebrowser. epals. com/en/ As the Internet becomes more and more becoming a vital source of information, it is essential that children learn to use it. However, dangers about pornography and inappropriate information could be derived from it. This is why the ePALS groomroom Exchange, Inc., a school-safe email and eMentoring technology for K-12, has come up unique child-safe web browser project to surf safe and educational websites moreover. The ePALS Safe Browser allows parents and teachers to pre-determine the websites that their child or students are allowed to visit, creating a fully cont ained and protected environment. The ePALS Safe Browser offers a level of protection and does not allow linkage to outside websites Parents and school administrators create a totally safe and controlled online environment. This project is helpful so that children would be able to experience how to use the Internet.They would be able to read only useful and helpful information that will target to increase their knowledge. Square of Life http//www. k12science. org/curriculum/squareproj/index. htm Learning about the environment is helpful for children to understand the concepts about conservation and preservation of nature. One exemplary project is called the Square of Life Studies in Local and Global Environments Project. This is an Internet-based collaborative project in which students will examine their local environment and share that information with other students from around the country and the world.In this project, the participants will identify living and non-living things i n their school yards, share their findings with other participating classes, look for similarities and differences in the reported data and prepare a their own final report or presentation based on their findings. The mutation part of this project will be the field trips where children will be able to explore biology and nature with their own eyes. The experience derived will be the basis for their thoughts and discussions.

Benefits of the Eclectic Paradigm

Benefits of the discriminatingist ParadigmThe usefulness of the discriminating epitome as a framework for combining and relating alternative theories of international business, and in coping with changes over time in the practice of international businessIntroductionThe eclectic paradigm, namely the OLI paradigm was put together by the economist John Henry Dunning (1927-2009) in the late 1970s. Dunnings early research focused on Ameri arse owned affiliates in the UK and their higher productivity compared to their local competitors. He wondered how and why these unfalterings were able to compete locally with indigenous UK firms and started to raise questions about the advantages of multinational firms as an outcome of their activities abroad. He identified certain firm specific advantages and overly advantages derived from the country of origin (Dunning, 2001). These are first two components of the later assembled paradigm, the O which refers to self-possession advantages and t he L which refers to positioningal advantages. These early works and the early identification of the O and L and their mutual interaction are initially reflected in the book American Investment in British Manufacturing Industry (Dunning, 1958). This stream of research continued through the 1960s when Dunning was working on American firms in Europe.Later during the 1970s, influenced by Buckley and Casson, Dunning started to address transaction cost explanations in an internationalization perspective (the I component of the paradigm) in addition to the previously identified O and L advantages. He was concerned about why firms decided to generate and exploit their specific advantages internally rather than through the open market forces. This broadened his perspective and articulated to a greater extent clearly the early view he had on the O and L components. And by the time he was putting together the rest of the paradigm at the end of the 1970s, he looked back to the 50s and 60s and the theories of Vernon, Hymer and other(a)s and interpreted them from within this framework and elaborated on how their ideas were expressed from the eclectic paradigm. Intellectually, he brought everything together, not just contemporary tho also past theories, bringing all these explanations together in nearly sort of rubric that allows to connect them.Since then, the eclectic paradigms simplicity and yet its thoroughness smoothly integrates international business theories and allows researchers from un interchangeable fields and disciplines to systematically explain the growth of multinational activity (Cantwell and Narula, 2001).The eclecticist Paradigm RevisitedThe eclectic paradigm itself is not an explanation of the MNC rather it helps explain the direct, determinants and patterns of the foreign repute added activities (international production) of firms, and or countries. The paradigm offers a framework from which an explanation can be obtained. It is not itself a pred icting hypothesis but it is a charge of connecting divergent theories which can be then used to help understand different types of foreign production according to their specific contexts and motivations (Dunning, 2001).The discriminating Paradigm and its OLI components have gone through different revisions and are defined as followsO Ownership advantages. These are firm net competitive advantages that companies from one country possess over those firms from other countries when servicing a specific market.L Location advantages. The stagecoach to which companies decide to locate abroad value added activities. These value added activities can be the result of internalizing.I Internalization. The detail to which companies add value to their output by identifying as much profitable to internalize the generation and exploitation of their ownership advantages rather than through the open market.(Dunning, 2000, 2001 Ietto-Gillies, 2012)An interesting aspect of the OLI elements is that they are not independent from individually other but that they interact. For vitrine, the value added activities generated by locational advantages feed back to the O advantages. That is why an often misunderstood and controversial element is the O, because of the fact that it is called ownership, scholars like Rugman worry it only to firm specific advantages. However, the O also refers to advantages that come from the institutions of the country of origin (home country). In other words, what Dunning (2001) initially meant by (O) Ownership referred to the nationality of ownership as opposed to the ownership of assets by a firm. It was later on that Dunning acknowledged and expanded the Ownership advantages to include firm specific and other types of advantages much(prenominal) as the ones resulting from engaging in foreign production. Another reason why this is so important is because it does not necessarily imply that the MNE has to be legally defined by the ownership of a ssets, but if instead there is an international business network that is not entirely owned, it could still be consistent with the notion of capabilities generated within such a network associated with firms of a certain nationality of origin. On the other hand the L element has to do with host country advantages and it is just not inevitable to compare the host with the home but different host countries with one another in determining where the firm goes to produce.OLI Combining and relating IB theoriesThe eclectic paradigm comes from other international business theories which are themselves influenced by economic and organizational theories. The paradigm draws from theories of the individual firm such transaction cost economics (internalization) and market top executive theories and their relationship with markets and integrates them with macroeconomic approaches to foreign production such as the product lifecycle theory (Cantwell and Narula, 2001). This encompassing aspect of the paradigm has brought many an(prenominal) criticisms, one of the most habitual ones calls it a shopping list of variables. Dunning (2001) responded to this criticism by clarifying that each variable of the paradigm is constructed based on well-known and accepted economic and organizational theories. In addition, he clarifies that the objective of the paradigm was not to explain all kinds of international production but to offer a framework that helps organize a methodology that can lead to a better explanation of different kinds of foreign production.Vernons product lifecycle theory is the most inherently dynamic or evolutionary in character of all the theoretical approaches of the paradigm. Hymers market power and Buckley and Casson internalization theories were limited to the period in which they were writing about them, during which an evolutionary perspective of the MNE was not yet explored. On the other hand the product life cycle theory was contemporaneous to the conditi ons of the 1960s and therefore Dunning included this evolutionary character in the paradigm. This became an important subtract of the paradigm in the sense that it gave it an evolutionary and dynamic perspective on how firms grow over time, which is an integral part of the dash the eclectic paradigm should be interpreted and used (Dunning, 2001).In addition, from an evolutionary approach, the Eclectic Paradigms internalization advantages are attributable to the conditions of change organizational learning and technology creation, rather than to the conditions for a more efficient cost-minimizing organization of an established set of transactions. This opens up the possibilities of alliances in order to increase ownership advantages through cooperation. This takes the paradigm beyond a basic transactions costs perspective and expands the types of ownership advantages, from advantages in line with Bain -which assumes advantages to exist be prior to expiration abroad- to cooperativ e and interdependent generated ones (Tolentino, 2001).The Future of the Eclectic Paradigm in IBThe eclectic paradigm has not only faced criticisms but also faces the challenges of an increasely ever-changing international business environment due to globalization and technological advances. In the last decades MNC activity has increased both in extent, intensity and form. There is also increased global interconnectedness and interdependence which makes inter firm alliances more common and necessary (Cantwell and Narula, 2001). RD is more complex and costly also increasing the way it is undertaken. Asset exploiting FDI is still present but asset augmenting and knowledge seeking FDI are increasingly important. All of this has created new-fashioned ways of performing cross entrap activities and different strategies that MNCs use to pursue them.Additionally, the field of IB has also evolved. It has moved from a market driven view to a more knowledge driven one. Moreover, the level of analysis has changed as well. In the 1990s there was a shift from the macro level approach in which countries were the unit of analysis to a more micro approach with the firm as the unit of analysis. Lately the field is going even more micro by also paying increasing attention to behavioral (individual) considerations and therefore allowing it to use the individual as the unit of analysis. Actually nowadays, the direction of the field world-wide trading studies is becoming more multilevel in character, allowing for different levels of analysis including the countries, firms and individuals. The field has also become more interdisciplinary by drawing from other disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, biology, geography and history. hence taking in to account all these changes the following question arisesIs the eclectic paradigm going to hold with the external changes related to globalization, technological change and the new directions in the field of international business? I believe it will. So far the paradigm has held for the last two decades (since the 1980s) and it seems to be getting stronger as a guiding framework in international business studies. All its components are articulated in a way that allow all the aforementioned changes. For display case the Ownership component has always been relational in character and has included different interactions and levels of analysis (Ietto-Gillies, 2012). Therefore this does not present a threat to the paradigm but it actually increases its relevance because it allows for multilevel analysis by combining the different units and elements of analysis and allowing them to interact. And even though there are not many discussions of the eclectic paradigm today, the paradigm is increasingly relevant now in relation to where the international business field is going.Additionally, the paradigm has successfully embraced phenomena such as Alliance Capitalism, technological accumulation, international networks an d dynamic capabilities, by which firms cooperate and mutually increase their ownership advantages. These are areas of research that according to the critics are not communicate by the paradigm. Moreover, the Location element of the paradigm increases in importance in the sense that subsidiary location has become important because they are embedded in their foreign locations and can benefit from their networks and national innovation systems and therefore adding value to the MNC.On the other hand, dynamic capabilities are created not just within firms but by interacting or cooperating with other firms and actors (Knowledge enhancing technological dynamism) and they become part of the O advantages. These ownership advantages also come from the interaction with locations with which initial O advantages are crucial for the development of absorptive capacity. Dunning argues that capabilities or ownership advantages are a condition for internalizing. This is a dynamic view in which adva ntages are an evolutionary concept.Critics say that some strategic considerations may not be covered by the OLI and that routines and processes should be added (OLMA). However, even though the paradigm does not specifically address routines and processes it addresses the ownership advantages that may result from them. Every day problem solving activities create unique core capabilities that are idiosyncratic of each firm, therefore giving them or enhancing live O advantages. This means that the OLI paradigm still holds for strategy considerations, especially in terms of capability development (in terms of O). Also in some way in L with economies of location and experiences of location. Finally also with the interaction between O and L which creates a complex interaction at different levels and interactions. For example in the case of subsidiaries, competence creating subsidiaries actually enhance Ownership advantages therefore giving strength to the argument that O advantages are not only originated in the MNEs home country but also arise in subsidiaries as well.Today we can apply this also to international business networks, so rather than a legal definition of the firm, the MNE per se, the OLI paradigm can used as a method to analyze international business networks and also the MNE firm as a strategic coordinator of such networks. In other words the subject area moves on but the paradigm remains relevant, partly because of the degree of flexibility which is built in some of these characteristics, especially in the Ownership advantages, which is by the way, the most important component of the paradigm, because it is the one that ties everything together, since it is the properties of learning that define the location or the transactional network basis of the firm.ConclusionsThe objective of the eclectic paradigm is not to explain the multinational firm but the level and pattern of foreign value added activities of firms. It helps explain not only the initia l act of foreign production but also its growth. The eclectic paradigm overcomes the limitations of partial theories of international production and provides a holistic framework in which existing alternative and complementary theories of international production coexist (Tolentino, 2001).In the international business field a systemic approach is now more needed than ever, in addition it must be inherently interdisciplinary. At the beginning the eclectic paradigm had a more descriptive approach. It was originally developed by integrating some international business theories that come mainly from economics. Theory of trade in Vernons case, theory of the firm of the industry in Hymers case and again theory of the firm in Buckley and Cassons case. Nowadays it is relevant to combine theories taken from different disciplines. Different ways to think about the world, new perspectives. That is why a systemic approach is needed. The eclectic paradigm is now it is an umbrella that handles a pass of theories, a framework that enables the understanding of how these theories are tied and work together. Therefore what is happening is that the discipline is moving away from some of the earlier theories that were essentially theories of separate individual choice, such as whether to export or not, or whether or not to locate production abroad, and in the case of having located production abroad, whether to emancipation to and independent firm or produce internally with through a subsidiary. Those were firm level choice decisions, but if instead a system is valued and the knowledge on how it evolves through time. Therefore the eclectic framework is precisely the right way to approach a complex system, because a paradigm like the eclectic paradigm provides a broader context, providing progressive interaction between different factors and actors giving it present and future relevance.ReferencesCantwell, J.A. and Narula, R. (2001), The eclectic paradigm in the global economy , International Journal of the Economics of Business, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 155-172 revised version reprinted as Revisiting the eclectic paradigm new developments and current issues, chapter 1 in J.A. Cantwell and R. Narula (eds., 2003), International Business and the Eclectic Paradigm Developing the OLI Framework, New York Routledge.Dunning, J.H. (1958).American investment in british manufacturing industry.George Allen Unwin Ltd.Dunning, J.H. (2000), The eclectic paradigm of international production a personal perspective, chapter 5 in NTF.Dunning, J.H. (2001), The eclectic (OLI) paradigm of international production past, present and future, International Journal of the Economics of Business, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 173-190 revised version reprinted as chapter 2 in J.A. Cantwell and R. Narula (eds., 2003), International Business and the Eclectic Paradigm Developing the OLI Framework, New York Routledge.Ietto-Gillies, G. (2012), Dunnings eclectic framework, chapter 9 in TCIP.Tolentino, P.E .E. (2001), From a theory to a paradigm examining the eclectic paradigm as a framework in international economics, International Journal of the Economics of Business, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 191-209 revised version reprinted as chapter 7 in J.A. Cantwell and R. Narula (eds., 2003), International Business and the Eclectic Paradigm Developing the OLI Framework, New York Routledge.

Swot And Marketing Analysis Of Philip Morris International Marketing Essay

Swot And Marketing Analysis Of Philip Morris International Marketing leavenSWOT analysis helps one to fine out the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of an organization or a company. chroma and weakness atomic number 18 internal to organization whereas opportunities and threats atomic number 18 external. Strength and weakness both related to internal environment of organizations but opportunities and threats atomic number 18 the outsiders and can be evaluated using PESTLE analysis. The followings are the Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Philip Morris International.StrengthsStrong finance The confederacy has a base of strong financial situation. According to its corporate website, its operating income in 2008 was $10,284 million, and its net earnings were 6,890. There was an increase as the same for the course of study 2007 was $8,894 and 6,038 respectively.Well established Brands The Company produces famous brands like Marlboro, LM, Chesterfiel d, Philip Morris, Parliament and Virginia Slims. When the product establishes itself as a brand there is a less need of pass money on its promotion.Strong man king and employees The Company boasts of to a greater extent than 75,000 employees throughout the globe from different culture and ethnicity. With the variety in their workforce there is a variety of ideas and concepts, which can be beneficial for the survival in the ball-shaped environment.Strong Management team the company under the chairmanship of Mr. Louis C. Camillieri has a strong and expeditious management team. David Bernick , a senior Vice president and General counsel is university of Chicago, law graduate, Andr Calantzopoulos , chief operating officer ,Kevin Click, chief information officer and Doug Dean, explore and development make the strong management team of the company.Leading Markets The Company boasts of leading 11 markets out of the top 30 international markets. That is equivalent to occupying 33% of to tal top market shares. This is one of the strength of the company.These are the basic strengths of the company, a strong financial condition with plummeting profits, well established brand names of the product, skilled, well trained and diverse work force, a strong leading management team and the huge share in top international markets.WeaknessesAs far as a weakness of the company is concerned the litigations seem to be the only weakness. Government policy on the promotion and sale of baccy plant related product stops the company from aggressive marketing and promotion of its products. It is the weakness of the company.OpportunityIncreasing tobacco market Although anti tobacco activists are raising their voices against the production and distribution of tobacco, the tobacco market is still lucrative. It raises billions of pounds as revenue to the government as well as the producers.Advantage of globalization globalisation suggests the company an opportunity to take an advantage of cheap labour cost and cheap production cost offered by third world countries. Factories established in China, Nepal offers the company cheap production of its products hence huge profits.Mergers and collaborations The Company tied its k non with Altria and it recently announced its partnership with fortune Tobacco Corporation. These kinds of mergers and collaboration offer the company an opportunity to expand its market share.ThreatsAnti Tobacco activists The Company has remained a most controversial company because anti tobacco activists rush continuously criticized the tobacco company for organism responsible to the death resulting from roll of tobacco. For example, activists in Philippines raised their voices against the merger of fortune Tobacco Corporation with Philip Morris. They take feared this merger can seduce more smokers in Philippines. (http//www.abs-cbn reinvigorateds.com/ dividing line/02/25/10/anti-tobacco-group-expects-intensified-marketing-philip-morris-de al 25/03/2010)Government legislations The governments rule of chuck outning the sales of tobacco related products to people below current age localises and other rules related to smoking ban on public places can reduce the sales of tobacco.For example research in UK shows that number of smokers has trim after smoking ban in public places and after the age limit for the sale of tobacco has been set.Public Awareness People are more aware about the consequences of tobacco consumption because of the advertisement of anti tobacco activists. This has resulted in the reduction of sales in many markets.Strength and weaknesses are considered as internal factors whereas opportunities and threats are considered as External factors. Basically strengths and weaknesses of an organization are related to people, resources, innovation and ideas, marketing, operation and finance, whereas opportunities and threat are associated to the factors that organizations find hard to temper mosttimes. Th ey are political, economic, kind, technological, legal and environmental environment in which the organization exists.Now lets examine the external factors of Philip Morris International.Political environment(http//www.executivehm.com/media/media-news/infographics/091117-EHM-Smoking.png, on 25th April 2010)The details in a higher place show that by the year 2009 there are 44 countries with active smoking ban. The data also shows that more than 1 billion people are protected by smoke free laws. These laws mean reduction of sales for the company. The company can either promote its products in these markets or have their sales restricted by severe laws. For example, they do not allow people below 18 to buy cigarettes in England and Wales. They have increased the age limit from 16 1st of October 2007. Politicians are always trying to seek public favour and by introducing laws like smoking ban and binge drinking ban or increasing tax for products like these they are trying to catch pub lic sentiment. These kind of political activities are although favourable to general public, they are not at all favourable for a company like Philip Morris, whose revenues are based on the sales of its tobacco related products.Economical There is not much difference to Philip Morris International due to the recession. Its profits did not plummet heavily even though the world was hit by economic downturn. followers table show its financial data.(in millions of dollars except per share data) 2009 2008%Change pay revenues$62,080$63,640(2.5)%Cost of sales9,022 9,328(3.3)Excise taxes on products 37,04537,935 (2.3)Gross profit 16,013 16,377 (2.2)Operating income 10,040 10,248(2.0)Net earnings 6,342 6,890 (8.0)Basic earnings per share3.25 3.32 (2.1)Diluted earnings per shareSource Philip Morris WebpageSociological Being criticized as a main contributor of smoking related deaths in the World, Philip Morris International has to do a lot to cope up with the sociological issues. Therefore their social responsibility activities are directed to these quintette areas of society, extreme poverty and hunger, environmental sustainability and living conditions in rural communities, domestic violence, and disaster relief. The company has spent billions of pounds for charity purpose to restore its tarnished image.Legal Philip Morris had to amaze heavy loss due to several legal proceeding that it had to go through as people blamed of killing people. It has a history of be sued by people, distributors or companies. For example, 16 wholesalers filed legal action in a federal court in Tennessee claiming that Philip Morriss wholesale leaders program 2003 constitutes price contrast and attempts to monopolize. (Financial Times of London, 8th July 2003.)To cope up with these kinds of legal issues, the company has its own legal department that deals with all the legal issues associated with the company.EnvironmentalEnvironment is a piquant topic in present day world. The problem of thinning of ozone layer or the global warming draws the attention of each and every organization. Most of the organizations have designed their social responsibility programme associating themselves with the environmental issues. Philip Morris international too has done the same. They have set up performance goals for their zip fastener use, water use, and muff water discharge, waste to be sent to landfills and waste to be recycled. The following table show their goals.Source Philip Morris website can be accessed at http//www.pmusa.com/en/cms/ certificate of indebtedness/Reducing/Reducing_Our_Environmental_Impact/default.aspx, on 26th March 2010. competitive analysis using Porters 5 Forces model.Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School developed a framework for the patience analysis and business strategy development. According to him an attractive industry has all the forces he has developed works for the overall profitability of the industry. The five forces of Porter ar e,Competitive rivalryThreat of sculptural relief productsThreat of new entrantsdicker power of customersBargaining power of suppliersIn case of Philip Morris, he too has competitive rivalry. He occupies 15.6 percent of the total market share. The rest is occupied by his competitors. It is for the same reason, Philip Morris is focussed on promoting new products. To beat its competitors, it has developed a strong social responsibility plan along with modification of its products. The launch of smoke free cigarettes can be considered as a product of competitive rivalry.Threat of substitute products Philip Morris is quite free from the threat of substitute products. It has always maintained the standard of its products and priced them reasonably. This has lessened the chances of acceptance for the substitute products that are available in the market.Threat of new entrants Philip Morris is famous for its cigarettes. No one in the world is unaware about Marlboro. It is a reputed brand na me in the field of tobacco industry. But a reputed brand gives Philip Morris an advantage. It is almost free from the threat of new entrants. The reason for this is, cigarette smokers have a strong lealty to their brands. So, although there is a constant reaching of new products, they do not affect the market share of Philip Morris as it has endorsed its product with heavy promotions and established all of its products as a Brand.Bargaining power of the customer Bargaining power of the customer does not seem to affect the company. The reason behind it is, the perceived value of Philip Morris products is quite high because they are heavily promoted through media. They have a brand image and are free from the bargaining power of the customer. Moreover most of the customers of tobacco trade are loyal to the products they are used to, and are ready to pay whatever amount of money they are asked to pay. So Bargaining power of the customers doesnt seem to affect the company.Bargaining P ower of Suppliers Bargaining power of supplier affects every company. Philip Morris too is affected by it as it follows strict rules concerned with Fair trade. Moreover it has launched special proceeds package to its suppliers. It helps the children of its tobacco supplier with education facilities and other general benefits. It is doing this just to reduce the effects of bargaining power of its supplier.ConclusionsWhatever progress the company make is not just a coincidence. The company did not lose much of its profits even in the economic downturn. The reason behind this can be summarised as the proper knowledge of the strength and weaknesses of the company and summoning all pertaining questions related to its external environment. Its commitment to follow all legal requirements of the government, introducing chewable tobacco instead of smoking ones, commitment to environmental conservations and billions of pounds spent on charitable purposes are activities to keep the external e nvironment favourable for the company.Task 2Phillip Morris and global political motleyAny multinational company that has operations throughout the world has to acclimatize themselves with the political scenario of the concerned country. Politics is stable only in few countries that too limited to the few developed countries. Moreover, as Philip Morris is concerned with producing tobacco related products, it is affected by any kind of political change that occurs in the country.By global political change we understand the political changes that occurred in the world. For example, the First World War, when ended in 1919 brought a lot of changes in the world. Similarly the end of Second World War too brought a lot of changes. One of the biggest changes was the start of cold war between the USA and the Soviet Union.The cold war divided the world into two halves, the capitalists and the socialists. Socialists denied the products of capitalist world to enter their countries, whereas the same thing applied to the capitalists world. Philip Morris thus could not expand his business to Russia and other socialist countries until the cold war was about to end. Philip Morris was able to penetrate the Russian market in 1977 when the socialist country was about to accept some change.Similarly, global terrorism has also affected the policy and decision making of the company as tobacco can be smuggled to developed countries where they have higher prices from the least developed or developing countries. It is said that terrorist have sometimes made tobacco as one of the source of funding to stand-in their activities. Philip Morris thus has set strict restrictions so as it products are not smuggled. Moreover its factories located in different part of the world restrict its products from being smuggled as they have their own identification number on them.Recession that recently occurred in the world can be the after-effects of the political upheavals in the world. Or economic a ctivities and political change have interdependence. So recession in a way can be seen as an effect of premature political decisions in terms of economic activities. Philip Morris dealt with it quite perfectly. According to statistics, ongoing earnings of Philip Morris rose by 11% as it coaxed solid grains in its nutrient business and continued to find new market for its cigarette. (http//www.thestreet.com/storycomments/10007704/1/philip-morris-ignores-recession.html, on 27th March 2010)Question that present days political leaders are raising is the phenomenon of climate change. Global warming is a big problem and politicians throughout the world are trying to solve it out through join efforts. All the countries are imposing their own kind of rules and regulations to reduce carbon emission and help in the reduction of global warming. Philip Morris can help in the reduction of carbon emission by investing in third world developing countries for example in the generation of electri city, or other sources of energy which can reduce deforestation and emission of carbon dioxide in the air.

Elements Of Culture Corporate Artifacts Commerce Essay

Elements Of Culture unified Artifacts Commerce EssayExperienced captains know that navigating unknown sea should be pay to a greater extent attention to observe, analyze to predict potential risks and make proper decisions. As a manager, running an existing or setting up a forward-looking company also need these skills, strategic management helps corporate to nidus ahead, understand the marketing environment and wobble business to effectively compete other companies. Corporate strategy management is related to different aspects, such as financial aspects, human resources management, organisational finale, marketing, and so forth Organizational tillage is ace of these important aspects, which is an indispensable and intangible aspect of strategy management. The concepts of organisational agriculture and organisational strategy looks like different, but they lay down a closer relationship between each other. Normally one part of corporate success depends on the support of or ganisational culture to organizational strategy. Organizational culture is about expectations, values and beliefs learned and sh ard by the companys members and transmitted from one generation of employees to anther. The organizational culture generally reflects the values of the founders and the bursting charge of the company. Culture gives a corporate a sense of identity This is what we stand for. This is who we are. This is what we do. The culture includes the dominant orientation of the company, such as client care at Hilton, innovation at Apple, product quality at Volvo, or RD at HP. It a great deal includes the many in resileal work rules that the modules follow without asking questions. These work practices oer time become part of a companys unquestioned tradition. The culture, therefor reflects the companys value. (Thomas, L 2012) Apple Inc does well in their organizational culture, their culture was based on an sample that self-motivated individuals will work harder i f they do not flummox a boss micromanaging every action. This unique and successful culture helps Apple Inc develop the most photogenic products and swallow the market rapidly. (Scribd 2010)Elements of culture corporate artifacts, shared values, shared hypothesisWhen you walk into a hotel, a resort, a university, a bank, what do you notice offset printing? What do frist impressions tell you about the organization that you have just entered? How friendly it will be? How expensive it will be? What kind of behavior is judge of you? How will the module approach and deal with you? Now look more carefully at the physical surroundings what positive and negative signs, symbols and signals do you take a crap? How exactly are these being transmitted to you? These are all aspects of organizational culture. Cultural awareness will not only lead to more effective staffs, but also get more customers or clients and cast up the customers loyalty. There are many elements of organizationa l culture, but three of them artifacts, values, and assumptions are the key elements, organizational employees take a crap the sets of artifacts, values, and assumptions, no single element kindle build corporate culture. Corporate artifacts are the observable signs and symbols of an organizational culture, such as the corporate stories or legends, the organizations physical layout and the way guests are greeted, it is also a language and physical structure of the organization, the artifact may be as formal as the staff handbook or a hotel logo, or as informal as decoration in the front lobby. Artifacts are important because they offer the best march about a companys culture. In Hilton, there is a famous story, 80% hotels were closed down during the great depression in America. The hotels owner Conrad Hilton still told his staff dont forget the etiquette, the smile is always belong to the guests. After the great depression, Hilton hotel lead into the new flourishing period and b ecame the leader in tourism indus analyse. (Charles Kelly 2010) Values are stable, evaluative beliefs that guide organizational members preferences for goals or plans of action in a variety of situations, such as compassion, innovation, cooperation, compassion, integrity, service innovation, and the creativity. Values could demonstrate themselves in the form of corporate strategies, goals and desired qualities. Building organizational core values give the bounce be utilise to guide principles and wish the employees to insist to these. For example Lenovo which was established with 25,000 RMB coronation in a guard house in China, today, Lenovo is a US$21 billion personal technology company which ousts HP as humanss largest PC vendor. (Gartner 2012) Its success primary(prenominal)ly depends on its strategy and corporate culture, its core value innovative spirit and customer service attract more talents and customers, which help Lenovo occupy the global market.( Lenovo 2012) Along with shared values , corporate culture consists of a deeper element shared assumptions. These are unconscious taken for granted perception or beliefs that have worked so well in the past that they are considered the correct way to think and act toward problems and opportunities. Shared assumptions are so deeply congenital that you probably would not discover them by surveying employees. Only by observing employees, analyzing their decisions, and debriefing them about their actions would these assumptions rise to the surface. (Steven, L. 2008)Why do executives at Lenovo, Hilton hotel theme and other companies pay so much attention to organizational culture? The answer is that they believe a strong culture is competitive advantage. Culture is one of the most precious things a company has, so the company must work harder on it than anything else.the effect of organizational culture depends partly on its strength. Corporate culture strength refers to how widely and deeply employees stool the companys dominant values and assumptions. In a strong organizational culture, most staffs across all subunits hold the predominant values. These values are also organized by established artifacts, which make it difficult for these values to change. A strong corporate culture potentially increase a companys success by serving three important functions control system, which is deeply insert form of neighborly control that influence employee decisions and behaviors social glue, which is increasingly important as a way to attract new staff and retain top performers and sense-making process, it helps employees understand what goes on and why things happen in company.Impact of organizational culture on tourism industry customers decisionIn tourism industry, the organizational culture also play an important sub political platform in its daily business, the organizational culture will have impact on the customers decision, employees service, the companys crack or re purgeati on and the revenue. Organizational culture is the most canonic determinant of a persons wants and behavior. It comprises the basic values, perceptions, wants, and behaviors that a person learns continuously in a society. Today, most societies are in a state of flux. Culture is verbalised through tangible items such as food, architecture, clothing, and art. In the minds of millions of travelers worldwide, hotel means Hilton a place where they know they will find warm hospitality, comfort, value and rewarding recognition. This send strength, coupled with Hiltons leading edge management systems, translates into an incredibly successful business model. Partnering with this iconic industry The culture of Hilton hotel group helps the corporate to attract more customers and increase their customers loyalty indirectly.Impact on employee performanceCorporate culture not only have impact on customers decisions, but also on the employees rapture and performance, organizational culture has the potential to increase the corporate performance and employee satisfaction, the relationship between the culture and performance are that organizational culture can have a significant influence on a companys long-term economic performance and will probably be an even more important mover in determining the success or failure of firms during the next 10 years, the impact of organizational culture is also related to the service to the guests. Organization culture is important in hotel, because it sets out a control mechanism. It influences the the relationship between the employees and how decisions are made by managers in hotel. An example is where the hotel hire a new supervisor who make decisions without studying the organizational culture first, If the changes he makes conflict with the organization culture, it will confuse the employees behavior. In Hilton, the hotel management do it specially, other hotel put the customers in the first place, but in Hilton, they also put the ir employees in the first place, not matter you are the general manager or the dry-cleaned of the back area, they think that in the hospitality industry fulfilled guests are the direct result of a fulfilled staff. The hotel offer scholarships ,travel plans, health schemes for the employees, and trust, respect, understand their employees, relieve oneself the relaxed working environment to build team spirit and good mood. Hilton elevator program, which helps the Hilton Group develop a large amount of talented, internationally mobile employees and try the best to make sure every of them to the management level during 5-8 years from starting this elevator program, also helps the corporate retain their talent employees and attract more new employees.Impact on brandingNowadays, the most important thing lead brands famous or not normally is their strong culture. Successful organizations often ask themselves how do we continue grow and promote the continuation of organization culture that makes them successful? Amazon purchased Zappos.com. Why? One key reason because of their culture and potential to innovate the customer experience on the web and WOW them. What are the ingredients for the kind of brand culture that will fuel your companys sales, create customer loyalty and attract the right people to work with. When company begin to create culture, people are the companys asset. A company existing in the world now consist lots of people staffs, guests and suppliers. Thats why people and what they think and feel matter now more than ever before. The look of a companys advertising, plan of the web site, coolness of its mobile apps are all important, but not as important as the voice and the actions of its people. Building a strong brand culture, then, starts with the people. The culture is not owned by the marketing team, it is owned by the entire company from the CEO to the customer service rep and everyone in between. And companies that gentility a distinct bra nd culture in the workplace will become a distinctive brand in the marketplace. Focus on ontogeny your people and relationships and everything else will follow.Impact on leadershipOrganizational culture can have impact on customers decision, employee performance and corporate brand, it also can influence the leadership, leaders is created by the culture culture created by its leaders, Leaders are supposed to be in charge of organizations, but the organizational culture also have huge impact on their decision-making in the workplace. If the leaders want to change something in company, their styles of leadership should be adjusted strategically and accommodated the organizational culture. Leaders have the roles to decide the daily business and program of activities according the basic assumption of the organizations. If the subordinates behavior are in accordance with the program describe by the leader the value obtained is high, and vice versa when the behavior of individuals withi n the organization is far from the truth as set forth in the work program by the leader, then its value is low. Leadership is about supervising and guiding the following employees towards a unified standard or target, by broadcasting as a positive impact and using motivational strategies. Leaders can be used to lead corporate through organizational, operational, structural and operational reforms.This phenomenon can be said to be similar to the growth phase of organization proposed by, especially in the second growth phase in which an organization grew on the basis of guidance (direction) of a leader that has been agreed upon by the organization. The phenomenon can be turned around, meaning leader could be created by the organizational ethnical when the leader is born as a successor (succession) in an organization in which the organizational culture has taken hold and has become part of the flavor of the organization. An example is in the organization of government. A country or go vernment was born from the foundations of the Constitution and the philosophical system of life in which the state constitution and the philosophy of life is the basic assumption of the government culture. in the raw leader as the next generation will continue the previous leadership with the basic assumption that the new leader as the successor will hold and preserve the culture of the organization. It can be said that new leader was being created by the organizational culture. This thinking has been proven by. In his research, he found that the differences of the dimensions of transformational leadership, especially is on the charisma and inspirational motivation. U.S workers have greater leadership on the variables that focus on the vision, expected future, optimism, and enthusiasm in achieving business results. While in Germany, workers have less charisma and initiative. But there is no difference in terms of transactional leadership. Some cultural values may also predict lead ership style, but only in small portions. This explains that cultural values have little affect on the leadership.How to learn culture?Building organizational culture should be taken long time, thus let the employees learn the organizational culture also be difficult, Culture is broadcast to staffs in many ways, the most efficient methods are the stories, material symbols, language and material symbols. Numerous of aged Nike executive spend lots of time to be a company storytellers to promote their organizational culture. And these stories they convey are about the Nike history. The executives always tell a story about their co-founder Bill Bowerman, he poured rubber into his wifes waffle iron to create a better running shoe, this story is about innovation queer of Nike. When the new employees hear the story of Chinese runing star Liu Xiangs battles to be succeed in winning champion at the 100-meter hurdle race, especially he used Nikes equipment, this stroy tells the new hires th at Nikes commitment to helping athletes. These stories are circulated through many retail shops and companies. Normally they will tell a narrative of stories about he companies co-founders, reductions in the workplace, rags-to-riches successes, relocation of employees, reaction to reduce the mistakes. The stories explain legitimate current practices and describe history.Rituals are repetitive sequences of activities that express and reinforce the key values of the organization what goals are most important, which people are important, and which people are expendable. One of the better-know is Walmarts company chant. Begun by the companys founder, Sam Walton, as a way to motivate and unite his workforce, Gimme a W, gimme an A, gimme an L, gimme a squiggle, give me an M, A, R, T has become a ritual that bonds workers and reinforces Waltons belief in the value of his employees to the companys success. Similar corporate chants are used by IBM, Ericsson, Novell, Deustsche Bank. many an( prenominal) organizations and subunits within them use language to help members identify with culture, attest to their accpetance of it, and help preserve it. Unique terms describe equipment, officers, key individuals, suppliers, customers, or products that relate to the business. New employees may at first be overwhelmed by acronyms and jargon, that once assimilated, act as a common denominator to unite members of a given culture or subculture. If you are a new employee at Boeing, you will find yourself learning a unique vocabulary, including Boeing online data, etc.ConclusionOrganizational culture has three main functions. It is the bridge that connect people together and makes them feel part of the organizational experience. corporate culture helps employees make sense of the workplace. Third, It is also a deeply embedded form of social control. Organizations with strong cultures normally perform better than those with weak cultures, but only when the cultural content is suit for the companys environment. Also, the culture should not be so strong that it drives out dissenting values, which may form emerging values for the future. As a manager, you can help the company shape the culture. altogether managers work together and can especially do their part to consider spiritually and its role in creating a positive organizational culture and to create the organizational culture. Often you can do as much as to shape your organizational culture as the culture of the organization shapes you.

Free Essays - Chronicle of a Death Foretold :: Chronicle Death Foretold Essays

The Understanding of Characters Through Relationships Relationships create strong holds in novels. They give a instinct of what to base a characters acts and decisions on. Through how the source uses their tone and descriptions, relating to relationships, a sense of characterization can be developed. Anna K benina, by Leo Tolstoy, translated by Joel Carmichael, and Chronicle of a Death Foretold, by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, translated by Gregory Rabassa, are no exception to this clause. Relationships form throughout these novels, by incorporating literary elements like characterization romanticism and realism, giving characters a sense of who they are, and the reader a sense of their role and reference to the story.  In Anna Karenina, relationships are built throughout the story helping for the reader to understand characters and who they are. One of the two major relationships taking authority in the novel is betwixt Anna Karenina and Levin. Anna Karenina, arguably the mos t important character to the novel, gets many of her key traits brought forth by relationship problems. Annas search through her spare-time activity for get it on is purely emotional, and at the end of her characters life Annas reason fails her. She has too much olfactory property and emotion, a trait shared by many of Tolstoys characters. Her feeling from her relationship tend to overpower her thoughts and opinions, giving the novel a sense of romanticism. She becomes disgruntle. In the end, Anna cant hold her own wits. Tolstoy uses characterization to present Anna, through the relationships she has it can be understood her attitude and personal qualities. Levin, one of the main partners in a relationship with Anna, is the hero of Anna Karenina. Through Tolstoys tone and description in the interaction amidst Anna and Levin it is almost gathered that Levin was created to merely point out his superiority, and his relationships with Anna does directly that. Where Anna continually maneuvers hysterically to achieve the perfect romance, Levin strives to find coherence in life and death, love and work. This can be discovered through the characterization directed towards Levin. Anna becomes a portrait of alienation through this relationship. Levin finds harmony with those around him. In Anna, you find a moral collapse, while in Levin, you see Tolstoys hopes and joys of his future. Anna and Levin  show a variation of character traits brought forth from their relationship. The second great relationship taking place forms between Vronsky and Kitty.

The Metaphysics of John Duns Scotus :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

The Metaphysics of John Duns Scotus The ecclesiastical condemnation of Aristoteleanism and Arabian philosophy in 1277, which included both(prenominal) of the theses of Thomas Aquinas, had a profound influence on the subsequent development of medieval philosophy. Of course, opposition to Greco-Arabian philosophy was nonhing new in the 13th century. Its scuttle decades had seen the newly translated work of Aristotle and Averroes forbidden yet their vogue spread, and in the years that followed a reconciliation was attempted, with varied success, between Christian dogma and the new learning. The heresy of Latin Averroism as the end of the century only confirmed the suspicion of the traditionalist theologians that any Christian who accepted the credentials of Aristoteleanism must arrive at conclusions hostile to faith. The great condemnation of 1277 expressed their renewed reaction to Aristotle and left an even deeper impression on subsequent scholars of the inadequacy of philosophy a nd pure human reason, in the name of theology. If, as had been claimed, the 14th century is a period of criticism, it is above all, a period of criticism, in the name of theology, of philosophy and the pretensions of pure reason. The attitude of Duns Scotus (1266-1308) of the Franciscan Order, towards Aristotle and philosophy in general is seen in his Object of Human Knowledge. According to Aristotle, the human idea is naturally turned towards sensible things from the way is must render all its knowledge by way of sensation and abstraction. As a consequence, the proper object of knowledge is the essence of a material thing. Now, Duns Scotus was willing to retard that Aristotle correctly described our present way of knowing, but he did contest that he had said the last word on the subject and that he had sufficiently explained what is in full right the object of our knowledge. Ignorant of Revelation, Aristotle did not realise that Man is now in a fallen state and that he was descr ibing the knowledge, not of an integral Man, but one whose mode of knowing was radically altered by original sin. Ignorance of this fact is understandable in Aristotle, but it must view as seemed inexcusable in a Christian theologian like Thomas Aquinas. The Christian, Scotus argues, cannot take Mans state as his natural one, nor, as a consequence, the present servitude of his intellect to the senses and sensible things as natural to him. We know from Revelation that Man is destined to see God face-to-face.