The Common Core State Standards - 1059 Words

Common Core State Standards In education field, it is hard to know if all claims are credible and it is not so easy to assess good research. Curiosity and expertise will be helpful to to decide if you can trust the educational change that has been offered. Science can answer many questions, but not all of them. Strip it and Flip it. We need to clean the crowded verbs and focus on the real claim. What the claim offers and what conclusion it guarantees. I should get rid of all ambiguous or emotional sentences that persuaders use and write down this sentence. â€Å"if I do X, then there is a Y percent chance that Z will happen.† In our case, if I adopt the common core state standards(CCSS) and if implementation of CCSS will be successful, students†¦show more content†¦On the other side, since standards will be assessed, it is easy to believe that students will be prepared only for the test. One of the strong sides of the CCSS is to prepare students for the college education. So, as you can see, it is not so easy to make a good decision but still using the steps makes it easier than nothing. 2.Trace it. Who is the owner of the idea, and what other people think about it? It is easy to believe in something when an expert tells it. In education, credentials mean nothing. I need to research deeper than that. Until internet is searched and I can find the original paper, I do not believe everything. I would like to answer the following questions: Where did the CCSS idea came from? Who found it? Is it something that classical thing in a new box or is it something promising? Who are the experts? CCSS is initiated by the Council of Chief State School Officers(CCSSO) and the National Governors Association(NGO) and approved by American Federation of Teachers(AFT). It has been accepted by 46 states. Although background and belief is strong for the standards, some states are having difficulties to adopt it due to financial challenges and professional development. As it is seen, State Policy makers agreed to work together and decided to create rigorous, more challenging standards that can prepare students for the future. With these standards, students will be equipped with the skills they need to succeed in college. 3.

Factors that Influence Strategy Southeastern Jet Airways

U06A16028 SOUTHEASTERN JET AIRWAYS - TEAM: IND1-1 Simulation Summary Report Claude A. Paul ~ Charles Miller ~ Sarah Ndagire ~ Richard Redding ~ Aye Nandar Capella University Business Integration Skills MBA6028 Dr. Rebecca Snarski February 19, 2015 U06A16028 SOUTHEASTERN JET AIRWAYS - TEAM: IND1-1 Simulation Summary Report Factors that Influence Strategy Southeastern Jet Airways (SEJA) philosophy and vision is very simple: to be a client-focused company. Armed with this philosophy, the team developed a strategy to guide and take SEJA beyond the next level and well into the future. SEJA’s vision which is to ensure that the organization remains an affordable†¦show more content†¦Impact of Business Decisions on Financial Results To illustrate the direct impact of business decisions on financial results, SEJA ended period 8 with a net income of $203,381, stock price of $36.45, 66% quality rating, 91.8% reliability, and $1,241,434 cumulative net income. Passengers pay for only transportation service from point â€Å"A† to point â€Å"B† which allows the organization to concentrate on its core competencies. Some experts in the industry are reporting that SEJA, the fastest growing regional airline, have the capacity and â€Å"know-how† to be a direct threat to Spirit – a growth plan that is on the drawing board. SEJA is a low cost carrier (LLC) modeled on Spirit Airlines – a discount carrier that is known to charge fees for various things which range from carry-on baggage fees (ranging from $35 to $100) to paying $199 if you want a seat in the front of cabin (Spirit airline, 2014). The low quality scoring that SEJA receives could be due the fact that passengers are comparing us to Spirit Airlines. SEJA’s management have decided from at the outset to run a very conservative airline offering the basic services, while charging for inflight services where only the basics are offered. With a low cost strategy at là   Spirit and Wal-Mart, SEJA focuses on consumers that are sensitive to price where pricing is their primary focus. By emulating the Spirit business model,Show MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesEthnicity 48 †¢ Disability 48 †¢ Other Biographical Cha racteristics: Tenure, Religion, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity 50 Ability 52 Intellectual Abilities 52 †¢ Physical Abilities 55 †¢ The Role of Disabilities 56 Implementing Diversity Management Strategies 56 Attracting, Selecting, Developing, and Retaining Diverse Employees 56 †¢ Diversity in Groups 58 †¢ Effective Diversity Programs 58 Summary and Implications for Managers 60 S A L Self-Assessment Library What’s My Attitude Toward Older PeopleRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pages30 Why Is HRM Important to an Organization? 30 DID YOU KNOW?: A Management Recap 31 The Strategic Nature 32 The HRM Functions 33 Staffing Function 34 Training and Development Function 35 Motivation Function 36 Maintenance Function 37 How External Influences Affect HRM 38 The Dynamic Environment of HRM 38 Laws and Regulation 38 Labor Unions 38 Management Thought 39 Structure of the HRM Department 40 Employment 40 Training and Development 41 Compensation and Benefits 42 Employee Relations 42 vi Read More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesbe found at www.thomsonedu.com/statistics/peck xii ââ€"   Contents 15 Analysis of Variance 783 15.1 Single-Factor ANOVA and the F Test 784 15.2 Multiple Comparisons 800 15.3 The F Test for a Randomized Block Experiment 15-1 15.4 Two-Factor ANOVA 15-9 15.5 Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses 15-22 Activity 15.1 Exploring Single-Factor ANOVA 808 Graphing Calculator Exploration 811 16 Nonparametric (Distribution-Free) Statistical Methods 16-1 16.1

Poets, Shelley wrote Essay Example For Students

Poets, Shelley wrote Essay Poets, Shelley wrote, are the unacknowledged legislators of the world. In this century, though, poets and artists are demanding political acknowledgement. Vaclav Havel was president of Czechoslovakia. Novelist Mario Vargas Llosa ran for president of Peru. Singer and actor Ruben Blades is vying for the presidency of Panama. And now President Clinton has appointed actor Jane Alexander to chair the National Endowment for the Arts. Its the first time an artist has been named to the top NEA post since the agency was created in 1965. The long-awaited choice, rumored since February, could be a symbolic gesture from the White House. It could mean a renewed respect for the arts in this country, and it could be a signal that Clinton will fill the 11 vacancies on the National Council for the Arts with respected leaders in the various arts disciplines, rather than with patrons and politicians, as was frequently the case under the Reagan and Bush Administrations. The NEA faces a potentially contentious debate over reauthorization in Congress this fall, and supporters of the embattled agency point out that its about time someone was appointed: The NEA has been without a permanent leader since President Bush ousted John E. Frohnmayer in 1992. While Alexander lacks administrative experience, her distinguished career as an actress has been marked by choices that attest to her integrity and commitment. She began her career in Boston before moving on to Arena Stage in Washington, D.C., where she made history in 1967 by co-starring with James Earl Jones in Howard Sacklers The Great White Hope. The play included a scene with a black man and a white woman in bed together, which at the time aroused heated controversy and frequent hostility from audiences. It was revolutionary, recalls then Arena artistic director Zelda Fichandler, who says playing the role required the kind of courage and conviction Alexander will need in her new post at the NEA. The Great White Hope moved on to Broadway, validating the regional theatres role as a fertile field for new work and winning Alexander a Tony award, and the play was subsequently made into a film. Alexander has been nominated for all the major acting prizesfour times for the Academy Award, five times for the Emmy Award and six times for the Tony. But perhaps her most significant laurel wreath now is the Helen Caldicott Award she won in 1984 for her performance in the anti-nuclear film Testament. Alexander has been an ardent political activist for causes ranging from nuclear disarmament to wildlife conservation and feminism. She has testified before a Senate subcommittee defending the NEA and freedom of expression in the arts. A history of political activism alone, however, is not enough for a job even the most savvy Beltway insiders wouldnt touch. Some have expressed concern about Alexanders lack of administrative experience and that she does not know the ins and outs of Washington. But colleagues who have worked with the actress contend that her passion and intelligence will carry her through. The challenge is indeed enormous: Since Sen. Alfonse DAmatos legendary outburst on the Senate floor in 1989, when he ripped up an exhibition catalogue to protest an indirect grant to photographer Andres Serrano, no one has been able to shift the debate away from puerile arguments about obscenity and filth toward an adult discussion of public policy. Even as Clinton was on the brink of announcing Alexanders appointment, a Virginia-based group called Christian Action Network was on Capitol Hill staging a protest of work it erroneously claimed was supported by the NEA the group mounted its own exhibition called A Graphic Picture is Worth a Thousand Voices. .u382d648b2f84b863ce65d1cdd17e9de4 , .u382d648b2f84b863ce65d1cdd17e9de4 .postImageUrl , .u382d648b2f84b863ce65d1cdd17e9de4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u382d648b2f84b863ce65d1cdd17e9de4 , .u382d648b2f84b863ce65d1cdd17e9de4:hover , .u382d648b2f84b863ce65d1cdd17e9de4:visited , .u382d648b2f84b863ce65d1cdd17e9de4:active { border:0!important; } .u382d648b2f84b863ce65d1cdd17e9de4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u382d648b2f84b863ce65d1cdd17e9de4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u382d648b2f84b863ce65d1cdd17e9de4:active , .u382d648b2f84b863ce65d1cdd17e9de4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u382d648b2f84b863ce65d1cdd17e9de4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u382d648b2f84b863ce65d1cdd17e9de4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u382d648b2f84b863ce65d1cdd17e9de4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u382d648b2f84b863ce65d1cdd17e9de4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u382d648b2f84b863ce65d1cdd17e9de4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u382d648b2f84b863ce65d1cdd17e9de4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u382d648b2f84b863ce65d1cdd17e9de4 .u382d648b2f84b863ce65d1cdd17e9de4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u382d648b2f84b863ce65d1cdd17e9de4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Three Birds Alighting on a Field EssayThat same group lobbied to convince the House of Representatives to decrease the NEAs already paltry $174-million budget by $8.7 million. Overall, the new Administration has sent out mixed signals on the arts: Candidate Clinton spoke out in support of freedom of expression during the campaign, but in April his Justice Department filed a brief defending the constitutionality of the so-called decency language in the NEA legislation. Alexanders job is not going to be easy, judging from the records of the past two individuals who held the post. Frohnmayer tried to please everyone and ended up pleasing no one; he became an arts warrior, detractors are prone to point out, only when it was time to write his memoirs and sign up for the lecture circuit. Acting chairman Anne-Imelda Radice said from the outset that she wouldnt fund difficult art, and her last move as chair was the cynical rejection of three grants to organizations that produce gay and lesbian film festivals. Some wonder why Alexander fresh from a successful Broadway run in Wendy Wassersteins The Sisters Rosensweig would even want the job. She once said that people expected her to run for office after she played Eleanor Roosevelt in a television drama; perhaps its equally pertinent that her first role at Arena was the title character in Shaws Saint Joan. As leader of an embattled NEA, shell need Joans fervent passion, vision and strength. One hopes, of course, for a far different ending.

The Relationship between Self

Abstract Researchers have concentrated on studying the relationship between the factors that affect human behavior. The different human behavior and abilities have effect in the management of organizations and learning institutions. This study provides a differential approach in examining the factors that contribute to different human behavior and ability. Data pertaining to different individual measures were obtained for some 182 Organizational Behavior students.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Relationship between Self-Efficacy and Perceived Stress specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Measures on emotional intelligence, self-efficacy, and perceived stress were obtained using different instruments. A correlation analysis showed positive correlation between emotional intelligence and self-efficacy. A negative correlation was observed between perceived stress and emotional intelligence. A Similar correlat ion was observed between perceived stress and self-efficacy. The results illustrate the necessity of understanding emotions in managing perceived stress in different Introduction Individuals show different abilities to perform the tasks given to them in different settings like schools and places of work. Students in the learning institutions show different academic performances. Similarly, employees of an organization have different performance abilities for given tasks. Several factors may contribute to the different abilities of individuals. One such factor is self-efficacy. This may refer to the level of confidence that an individual have in his or her ability to perform a particular task and to execute a particular behavior successfully (Bandura, 1997 cited in Schyns and Moldzio, n.d). This is a flexible personal quality with its roots in the social cognitive theory (Gundlach, Martinko Douglas, 2003, 229). The emotional intelligence of an individual is another factor that may a ffect the performance of the individual in different tasks. Emotional intelligence is the individual’s ability to be aware of, and manage, his emotions and the emotions of the others with whom they interact (Jordan, Ashkanasy, Hartel, 2002, p.5; Cote et al, 2006).). The other factor that may affect performance is the perceived stress in an individual. Stress can be described as ‘the result of an imbalance between the physical or psychological demands encountered and the response capability of the individual, in case failure to meet the demands has important implications for the individual’ McGrath (1979 cited in Panda 2008). It is important to examine if the factors that affect the performance of an individual have a relationship with each other. The relationships that are observed are essential in the management of individuals with different abilities in diverse settings.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Ge t your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some researches have been conducted to study a relationship between these factors. Rathi and Rastogi (2008) carried out a research to investigate the relationship between self- efficacy and emotional intelligence. Another research was carried out by Panda (2008) to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and perceived stress. This research is based on the two previous researches and is intended to study the relationship between self-efficacy and perceived stress. The results of the researches indicated that there was a positive relationship between self-efficacy and emotional intelligence (Rathi Rastogi, 2008; Rathi Rastogi, 2009). Besides, it was observed that self-efficacy in academic has a positive relationship with an individual’s future performance at workplace provided the individual had low perceived stress. It was also observed that there was a significant negative relationship between emotional intelligence and perceived stress (Panda, 2008). This study uses similar approaches applied by the previous researchers. However, it is conducted in a learning environment and the level of performance at work place will be replaced by academic performance. Hypotheses of the study The study has four different hypotheses. The first hypothesis is that self-efficacy is positively correlated with emotional intelligence. It is also initially assumed that emotional intelligence is negatively correlated with perceived stress. The other hypothesis is that self-efficacy is negatively correlated with perceived stress. The last hypothesis is that there is a significant gender difference in the measures of self-efficacy, emotional intelligence, and perceived stress. Method Subjects/participants The study involved 182 participants that were students studying Organizational Behavior at the two campuses of University of West Sydney: Campbelltown and Parramatta. There were 105 males, 76 females, as well as 1 participant who did not provide information on gender. Four of the participants also failed to provide information on their ages. The participants had a mean age of 21.3 years with a standard deviation of 4.14. Materials/apparatus The research employed several materials and instruments to obtain data from the students pertaining to the measures under investigation. One of the measures used in the research was WLEIS (Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale). WLEIS has four measures that show different dimensions of emotional intelligence in an individual. These measures include Self-Emotion Appraisal (SEA), Others Emotion Appraisal (OEA), Use of Emotion (UOE), and Regulation of Emotion (ROE). SEA provides a measure of the ability of individuals to understand and express their emotions (Law, Wong Song, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Relationship between Self-Efficacy and Perceived Stress specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A high score for this measurement implies that the individuals are more sensitive and have a better understanding of their emotions. OEA provides a measure of the ability of an individual to recognize and value the emotions of other people (Law, Wong Song, 2004). Emotion can also be utilized towards developing constructive ideas to enhance performance at the workplace. UOE measures the abilities of individuals to direct their emotions towards good performance at work (Law, Wong Song, 2004). ROE provides a measure of an individual’s ability to regulate his or her emotions and overcome a psychological depression that may come their way. The other material used in the research is the Global Measure of Perceived Stress (GMPS) that provides a measure of perceived stress of an individual on a universal scale. The instrument used to obtain such data is Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen, Kamarck and Mermelstein, 1983). This contains ten items e ach providing a measure of the extent of stressful situations perceived in an individual’s life. The scores are provided on a Likert scale (ranging from 0 for never to 4 for very often). The study also used Occupational Self-efficacy Scale as it applies in the academic setting instead of the workplace. Procedure The participants were each provided with the different sets of questionnaires and required to fill the relevant information under the supervision of the course tutor. This was pat of the coursework and the participants were to receive no compensation for taking part in the study. Results In order to study the gender differences for the different measures under study, a test of difference of means between the two samples (males and females) was conducted for all the variables. Two-sample t-test is appropriate for this analysis (Lowry, 2011). The results are presented in the following table. Table 1. Sample t-test for difference of means based on gender. Variable Mal e Female Mean SD Mean SD Sign. SEA 22.27 3.63 22.12 3.37 ns OEA 20.31 3.81 20.93 3.94 ns UOE 20.26 4.45 20.20 4.55 ns ROE 19.92 4.91 19.42 4.81 ns GMPS 37.60 7.54 38.59 7.53 ns OCCSEFF 33.81 6.42 34.18 6.67 ns SEA : Self-Emotion AppraisalAdvertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More OEA : Others Emotion Appraisal UOE : Use of Emotion ROE : Regulation of Emotion GMPS : Global Measure of Perceived Stress OCCSEFF : Occupational Self-efficacy scale The results in the above table indicate that there was no significant gender difference in the measures observed. For instance, the mean of the scores for males on Self-Emotion Appraisal scale is 22.27 with a standard deviation of 3.63. On the same scale, the mean score for females is 22.12 with a standard deviation of 3.37. On the GMPS scale, the meals have a mean score of 37.60 with a standard deviation of 7.54 whereas the females have a mean score of 38.59 with a standard deviation of 7.53. Similarly, on the Occupational Self-efficacy scale, the males have a mean score of 33.81 and standard deviation of 6.42 whereas the females have a mean score of 34.18 with a standard deviation of 6.7. A test of comparison of two means for each of the different cases indicates that there are no significant differences in means for a ll the cases. A correlation analysis was also performed to check the relationships between different variables corresponding to the above measures. The results are presented in the following table. Table 2. Coefficients of Correlation between different measures. Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Sex 1.00 2. Age -.06 1.00 3. SEA – .02 .05 1.00 4. OEA .08 .02 .32** 1.00 5. UOE -.01 .10 .40** .23** 1.00 6. ROE -.05 .08 .40** .22** .28** 1.00 7. GMPS .06 -.11 -.18 -.08 -.31** -.37** 1.00 8. OCCSEFF .03 .09 .37** .22** .54** .38** -.33** 1.00 The correlation analysis showed that there were significant correlations between some variables and no or insignificant relationships between other variables. The results indicate that there is a significant negative correlation between global measure of perceived stress and the occupational self-efficacy (-.33, p.01). This implies that individuals who have a perception that they are highly efficac ious are likely to experience less stress, and vice versa. The results also indicate that there is a significant positive correlation between occupational self-efficacy and the individuals’ use of emotions (.54, p.01). This implies that the higher the individuals’ perception of the abilities, the high their abilities to direct their emotions towards enhancing performance at work. Occupational self-efficacy has significant positive correlation with other measures like Regulation of Emotions (.38, p.01), appraisal of others’ emotions (.22, p.01), and Self-emotion appraisal (.37, p.01). Perceived stress has significant negative correlation with use of emotion (-31, p.01) and regulation of emotions (-37, p.01). This implies that individuals with low ability to regulate and use their emotions appropriately are like to experience stress. All the WLEIS measures on emotional intelligence have significant positive correlations with each other. For instance, self-emotion appraisal has a significant positive correlation both with use of emotion (.44, p.01) and with regulation of emotion (.44, p.01). On the other hand, Sex and Age had no significant relationship with any of the measures. There is no significant correlation between perceived stress and self-emotion appraisal (-.18, p.01). Similarly, there is no significant correlation between global perceived stress and the appraisal of other’s emotions (-.08, p.01). Discussion Juts like the previous study that had been conducted, the results provide evidence that there is a significant positive correlation between self-efficacy and emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence was measured in four different dimensions and each dimension showed a positive correlation with self-efficacy. The results indicate that there is a significant negative correlation between emotional intelligence and perceived stress. The social-cognitive theory holds that self-efficacy has influence on the personal behav iors, affect, and motivational processes (Luszczynska et al, 2005, p.82). Perceived stress showed significant negative correlation with two aspects of emotional intelligence; use of emotions (-.31, p.01) and regulation of emotions (-.37, p.01). This supports the claim that was initially given for the study. This is similar to the results that had been obtained by Panda (2008), and conform to the theoretical principles in psychology. Previous researches have indicated correlations between different traits in human beings (Bono Judge, 2003, p.8). High level of emotional intelligence implies that an individual can exhibit psychological adaptation to different stressful situation thereby reducing stress (Panda, 2008). It is associated with high academic performance in some educational subjects (Petrides et al, 2004, p287). Similarly, the results support the hypothesis that self-efficacy is negatively correlated with perceived stress. An individual who has confidence in his or her abili ties is also able to develop an adaptation to the stress and depression experienced. On the other hand, the claim that there is a gender difference in the different measures was not supported by the results. For all the six measures that were used in this study, a comparison of means of the male scores and the female scores showed no significant differences. This differs with earlier reports Tappia (1999) and Dunn (2002) (both cited in Panda 2008) that females and males had some different personality traits. The results of this study are of significance in the fields of psychology and organizational management. It shows that a knowledge and proper cultivation emotional intelligence is the key to managing stress. Various organizations have applied the concept of emotional intelligence to develop employee motivation programmes (Cote et al, 2006). Developing an effective organizational culture requires a focus on the relations and emotions of the people in the organization (Alvesson, Sveningsson, 2008, p.35). Self-efficacy is important for human achievement in different area (Gundlach et al, 2003, p.230).The promotion of self-efficacy in an individual is essential in helping the individual manage stress and enhance his performance in academics and at workplaces. Managers with better understanding of the different components of organizational behavior like stress and emotions are better positioned to overcome the management challenges (French et al, 2011, p.11). The study had no limitations. The number of participants in the study was relatively large with a good proportion for each gender category. Perhaps the only limiting factor that may be considered in future researches is the age variation of the participants. The effects of age on these measures may be illustrated if a wide range is used in the study. Reference List Alvesson, M. Sveningsson, S. 2008, Changing organizational culture: cultural change work in progress, Routledge, London. Bono, J. and Judge, T. 2003, â€Å"Core Self-Evaluations: A Review of the Trait and its Role in Job Satisfaction and Job Performance.† European Journal of Personality, 17;5-18. Web. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T. Mermelstein, R. 1983, A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 385-396. Cote, J. et al. 2006, Emotional intelligence, cognitive intelligence, and job performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 51: 1–28. Web. French, R. et al. 2011, Organizational behavior, Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Queensland. Gundlach, M. et al. 2003, â€Å"Emotional intelligence, causal reasoning, and the self-efficacy development process†, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, vol.11, no. 3, pp. 229-246. Web. Jordan, P. et al. 2002, â€Å"Emotional intelligence as a moderator of emotional and behavioral reactions to job insecurity,† Academy of management review, 27(3), 361-372. Web. Law, K., Wong, C. and Song, L. 2004, â €Å"The Construct and Criterion Validity of Emotional Intelligence and Its Potential Utility for Management Studies,† Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3), 483–496. Web. Lowry, R. 2011, Chapter11: t-Test for the Significance of the Difference between the Means of Two Independent Samples. Web. Luszczynska, A. et al. 2005, â€Å"General self-efficacy in various domains of human functioning: evidence from five countries†, International Journal of Psychology, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 80-89. Web. Panda, Y. 2008, â€Å"Emotional intelligence and perceived stress,† ICFAI Journal of Organizational Behavior, 7(3), pp13-16. Petrides, K. et al. 2004, â€Å"The role of trait emotional intelligence in academic performance and deviant behavior at school,† Personality and Individual Differences, 36; 277–293. Web. Rathi, N. Rastogi, R. 2008, â€Å"Effect of emotional intelligence on occupational self-efficacy,† ICFAI Journal of Organizational Behavior, 7 (2), pp 46-56. Rathi, N. Rastogi, R. 2009, â€Å"Assessing the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence, Occupational Self-Efficacy, and Organizational Commitment†. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology 35(Special Issue), 93-102. Web. Schyns, B. Moldzio, T. n.d., The value of occupational self-efficacy in selection and development. Web. This research paper on The Relationship between Self-Efficacy and Perceived Stress was written and submitted by user Jackson Huffman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

anarchism essays

anarchism essays The aim of this essay is to explain Anarchism and to comprehend if it is a political ideology. There are a lot of anarchist thinkers and ordinary people which believe that anarchism is not a political ideology is only a theory in contradiction to the others which believe that anarchism is a political ideology because it is based upon ideas and values that a group of people believe and fight for. An ideology is more or less coherent set of ideas, which provide the basis for an organized political society. However, it is essential to go back and look at anarchism roots, ideas, historical arguments etc, to deepen into this human political theory that is connected with societal behavior and function. Anarchism is an ideology that regards abolition of government as the necessary precondition for a free and just society. The term itself comes from the Greek words anarchy (an-achy) which means "without a ruler, without authority . Anarchism rejects all forms of hierarchical authority, social and economic as well as political. What distinguishes it from other ideologies, however, is the central importance it attaches to the state. To anarchists, the state is a wholly artificial and illegitimate institution, the bastion of privilege and exploitation in the modern world. For this reason anarchism is primarily a movement against hierarchy. Also hierarchy is the organizational structure that embodies authority. Since the state is the "highest" form of hierarchy, anarchists are, by definition, anti-state; but this is not a sufficient definition of anarchism. This means that real anarchists are opposed to all forms of hierarchical organization, not only the state. The "classical" anarchists such as Proudhon, Bakunin and Kropotkin did use the word hierarchy, but preferred "authority,", it's clear from their writings that theirs was a philosophy against hierarchy, against any inequality of power or...

Jail vs. Prison

Jail vs. Prison Jail vs. Prison Jail vs. Prison By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, Can the words  jail and prison be used interchangeably? In colloquial usage, the words jail and prison are often used interchangeably in reference to any place where people are locked up for a legal offense. Jail is the usual choice when speaking of imprisonment in the abstract. For example: A man like that belongs in jail. If you ask me, I’d put him in jail and throw away the key. The connotation of jail is less severe than that of prison. When the words are used in reference to actual places of legal confinement, there is a distinct difference between a jail and a prison. In most US states, jails are short-term facilities operated by local authorities, whereas prisons are long-term facilities operated by the state or federal government. When people are arrested for anything, from drunk driving to murder, they will be temporarily confined in a jail. For lack of more appropriate facilities, mentally ill people are often placed in jail. Note: So many mentally ill people are jailed or imprisoned in the United States that, according to clinical psychologist Dean Aufderheide, â€Å"[T]here is no doubt that our jails and prisons have become America’s major mental health facilities, a purpose for which they were never intended.† Typically, jail is for: 1. People who are being held pending a plea agreement, trial, or sentencing; 2. People who have been convicted of a misdemeanor criminal offense and are serving a sentence of less than a year; 3. People who have been sentenced to a term longer than a year and are waiting to be transferred to a long-term facility. Prisons are for convicted felons who have been sentenced to a term of one year or longer. Here are some quotations that fail to distinguish between jail (short-term) and prison (long-term): Al Capone was sentenced to 11 years in jail for failure to pay four years’ worth of taxes.- Political blogger. I hope his sentence is long enough so his jail cell will become his coffin.- Victim of convicted swindler Bernard Madoff, whose sentence is for a term of 150 years. Man remains in jail 6 years without conviction- Headline, Las Vegas Review-Journal. Man faces 11 years in jail for punching elderly man over free Nutella samples- Headline, The Independent. Venezuelas opposition denounced the sentencing of politician Leopoldo Lopez to nearly 14 years in jail.- News article, The Huffington Post. Most speakers will probably continue to use jail informally to mean â€Å"a place of incarceration.† Professional writers, on the other hand, may be expected to observe a distinction between jail and prison in formal contexts. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"A While vs AwhileNominalized Verbs

Term paper for economics Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Term for economics - Research Paper Example Nonetheless, despite the established consideration in the distribution of the economic pie that guide public discourse, there are new and emerging scientific and economic approaches that are proving to be popular in shaping and guiding the approaches to distribution of the national cake. Greek philosophers were instrumental in laying the groundwork for the distribution of nation’s wealth, which was long before the birth of the discipline of economics as currently known. In line with this, it is common knowledge that philosophers such as Plato and Plutarch defined the level of differences that should result from the rich and the poor and the consequences of these differences. Conversely, the revolution age was responsible for the establishment of government’s policies that redistributed wealth (Acemoglu and Robinson 190). Closer to contemporary economic society, the economic scientists who developed economics perspectives that advocated for various approaches of sharing and distributing the national wealth in a way that ensured equitable and equity in distribution of wealth. This expose elucidates on different ways that a nation’s distribution of wealth affects the economic growth. Stiglitz identified two approaches towards the distribution of a nation’s wealth with each approach differing in perspective and consequences, which are in terms of the growth of a nation’s economy (387). In the first approach, Stiglitz identifies that nations can adopt an approach that focuses on a high ratio of capital and labor. In this approach, Stiglitz noted the ability of a nation to enhance stability in its economic growth while focusing on equitable distribution of resources in the country in the long-term. Conversely, the other approach proposed by Stiglitz identified a small capital-labor ratio, which he defined as developing an economy that was unstable in the end. Besides, this approach was responsible for the

Models of Consumer Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Models of Consumer Behavior - Essay Example The economic situation of the consumer determines the washer or dryer one is going to purchase. The higher the disposable income, the more likely the individual will prefer a high-end Whirlpool washer and dryer and vice versa. Role of involvement in purchase decisions Consumers tends to illustrate high involvement with Whirlpool washers and dryers since these products form a crucial component of their lives. The consumers have to determine between various Whirlpool washers and dryers before reaching a purchase decision. The post-purchase behavior of these consumers involves a more critical evaluation of the different features and benefits offered by the various whirlpool washers and dryers. Due to the significant differences identified with the washers and dryers and the high involvement of consumers purchasing these products, the consumers display a complex buying behavior. The consumer has to determine between various product differences including the top loading or the front loadi ng and the different capacities for the washers and dryers. The high involvement and the complex buying behavior are associated with products that are infrequently purchased such as the Whirlpool washers and dryers. The consumer seeks all the relevant information before determining the specific Whirlpool washer or dryer they hope to purchase. Consumer decision-making process Whirlpool marketing strategies have to influence the eight steps associated with the consumer decision-making process when deciding to purchase a washer and dryer.

Crunchie Bones Essay Example for Free

Crunchie Bones Essay The aim of this experiment is to test whether or not a Crunchie bar could be used as a bone replacement. If this were possible the crunchie would have to be strong enough to support the patients life style. The Crunchie bar will be used to replace a leg bone. After the experiment I will calculate the ultimate breaking stress of the Crunchie and then compare this to the ultimate breaking stress of a leg bone. I will calculate the stress by using the formula: The apparatus is going to be set up as follows: I will tighten both of the G-clamps by 90 at the same time, then I will read off the force on the dial of the scales. I will read the dial from directly above otherwise parallax may occur. I am using three crunchies at the same time, as this will be more reliable. To make the measurements accurate I will calibrate the scales after the crunchies and wooden boards have been put on to it. I will ensure that the G-clamps are placed in the middle of the blocks so that the pressure off these blocks is spread over all of the bars, and not just on one side. The safety aspect of this experiment is that the G-clamps may fall off and cause an accident. Results Degree turns ( ) Force in Newtons (N) 90 58.8 180 147.0 270 264.6 360 431.2 450 617.4 540 833.0 630 1038.8 720 1185.8 810 1176.0 900 1127.0 990 1097.6 1080 1097.6 1170 1097.6 1260 1097.6 1350 1097.6 1440 1097.6 I have, as accurately as possible, measured the surface area of one crunchie, the measurements were: 140mm x 25mm = 3500mm To use the stress formula the surface area needs to be in m , to get this I will: 3500 x 1000000 = 0.0035m As I have used three crunchie bars I will need to times the above value by 3: 0.0035 x 3 = 0.0105m Using the above results table I have constructed a graph. As it and the results table shows the crunchie bars held up against a great force, then went the force reached 1190.0N, the crunchie bars crumbled. This meant the up ward force from the crunchie bars went and the force dropped down to1097.6N this force continued when the G-clamps were continued to be turned. Calculations By doing the following calculations I will determine the ultimate breaking stress of the crunchie bars for one leg. Stress ( ) = force (f) Area (A) Stress ( ) = 1190.0 N 0.0105 m Stress ( ) = 113333.3 Pa = 11 x 10 Pa Due to inaccuracies of the scales I am going to calculate the maximum and minimum values of the force and then calculate the breaking stress due to these differences. Maximum force = 1200 N Minimum force = 1180 N Maximum Stress = 1200 N 0.0105m = 114285.7 Pa (1dp) = 1.14 x 10 Pa Minimum Stress = 1180 N 0.0105m = 112380.9 Pa (1dp) = 1.12 x 10 Pa I have accounted for the inaccuracies of the scales and of the turning of the G-clamps by drawing error boxes on the graph. The size of the error boxes is 20N x 36 . Further calculations will determine whether or not the crunchie bar would be a suitable replacement for a leg bone. Average mass of human = 60kg Weight = mass x gravity = 60 x 9.8 = 588 N Area of crunchie bar = 0.0105m Area for two legs: 0.0105 x 2 = 0.021m Stress = F A = 600N = 600N 0.021m 0.0105m = 28571.4 (1dp) = 2.8 x 10 Pa Stress = 57142.9 Pa (1dp) (1 leg) = 5.7 x 10 Pa By using question eight from the section Spare Part Surgery in the Salters Horners Advanced Physics book I can see that the crunchie bar would not be able to be used as a bone replacement. This is because the value given in the book for stress on the leg bone when someone standing still is 10 Pa and so is bigger than the 2.8 x 10 Pa, therefore the crunchie would shatter when under this stress. When investigating further and by using question nine from the section Spare Part Surgery in the Salters Horners Advanced Physics book I found that there is a bigger value for stress when the person moves or in the case of question nine, jumps off a wall. The below calculations show that the crunchie bar would be unable to with stand the stress of the patient moving: Height of wall = 1.5m Time taken = 0.1s Gravity = 9.8ms = 9.8Nkg Mass = 70kg a = v t = 5.42 0.1 = 54.2 ms F= ma = 70kg x 54.2ms = 3.80 x 10 N Calculations for crunchie bars: Area of both legs = 60 x 10 m Area of crunchies = 0.0105m Calculations for bone: Man lands on two legs = 0.0105 x 2 Stress = F = 0.021m A Stress = F = 3.80 x 10 N A 60 x 10 m = 3.80 x 10 N = 6.3 x 10 Pa 0.021m = 18095238.1 Pa = 1.8 x 10 Pa These calculations show that the crunchie bar could not with stand the stress when the patient moved. This is shown in the calculations because the value of stress on the crunchie bars when put in this situation is greater than that of the leg bones. Therefore the crunchie bars would break. Overall this experiment has shown that a crunchie bar could not be used as a suitable bone replacement as it would not be able to with stand the ultimate breaking stress of a person if they were standing still or if the person was moving. If I had more time to continue this experiment I would make a piece of apparatus, like a protractor, that enabled me to measure the degree turns that I made when turning the G-clamps making my measurements more accurate. Using the apparatus I could also make more turns such as 45 turns as well as 90 turns.

The Impact of ISPs on the Architecture of the Internet :: Internet Cause Effect Papers

The Impact of ISPs on the Architecture of the Internet The Internet was started over three decades ago as a US government sponsored project. The Internet originally connected several universities and the government; it eventually grew to include some private companies/research labs. As such, the initial users of the Internet were scientists/technologists who were well versed in the workings of the network (and who did not have the malicious intents of modern hackers). The motivation of the Internet at this time was to provide a robust nationwide communication network and to allow for the sharing of scientific research/resources around the nation1. The original architecture of the Internet is often described as an end-to-end architecture. The end-to-end architecture is a decentralized one in which a â€Å"mechanism should not be placed in the network if it can be placed at the end node† 2. This type of design keeps the core of the network simple and generic. Since that time, however, the scale of the Internet has grown exponentially. It became increasingly difficult for a government-sponsored network to scale to such sizes, so the government gradually turned the network over to the private sector. Since the government is no longer responsible for access to the Internet, private companies – Internet Service Providers (ISPs) – have emerged to provide access to this vast network. These ISPs, of course, are private companies whose principal goal is to make a profit – a radical contrast to the goal of the original ISP, the US government. The rise of ISPs as dominant players in today’s Internet has been a catalyst for a more centralized network that is shifting away from the original end to end design; this change has been a negative one for it has hurt the most important group associated with the Internet – the end users. One of the most fundamental changes from the early days of the Internet to today has been the shift to privatization. It is the profit-making end of ISPs that drives their actions and it is in this interest that ISPs are attempting to move the Internet away from its end-to-end beginnings. In order to make a profit, ISPs must first attract a sizeable number of customers to buy their service and then obtain a significant profit for the services they provide. In the free market economy, ISPs must compete with one another for customers; to be competitive in this market, ISPs must have some attractive feature to offer customers: low prices, unlimited connection hours, high speed access, or some other attractive service that is unique to that particular ISP.

Medicated Child

â€Å"The Medicated Child† The documentary â€Å"Medicated Child† shows how there is a lack of knowledge on how to diagnose and treat children with Bi Polar Disorder. Early on before proper research was done, children were often diagnosed with ADHD instead of the proper BI Polar diagnosis. This can be attributed to the fact that the symptoms are so similar. Doctors often feel treatment of such disorders can only be treated by medications, however, some psychologists believe that there are other methods that can be used. They do not want children to be on so many daily medications.In my opinion the doctors in this documentary were to quick to diagnose and medicate the children with these disorders. They used educated guesses on the type of treatment to use. In some cases the children were on 8 or 9 different medications daily. This much medication or any mind-altering substance given to a child whose mind is still developing could have and is shown here to have long term effects on the rest of their lives and development in society. There is a chance that the children may have grown out of these stages in their lives but were never given the chance to come into their own.The parents seemed to be looking for a quick fix to their kids acting out. When in reality, what child from 3-5 doesn’t have emotional outbursts and the inability to control their impulses? Parenting and guidance need to come into come into play for these children. Children in this age range are easily molded and might just need some guidance and structure added to their life before going straight to medications. This is not to say that mental illness does not exist in some young children, but in some cases other outlets of help and treatment should to be sought out before giving strong and heavy doses of medications to your child.The health care providers in the video seemed to neglect further testing or options of treatment for the young patients and just opted to add more prescriptions and raise dosages of already existing medications. The parents appeared to have a feeling that something wasn’t right but went along with doctor’s orders anyway due to their lack of knowledge on the subject and situation. Jacob was diagnosed with Bi polar disorder at 3 years old when his teachers suggested to his parents that he was to hyperactive and needed ome sort of treatment. He was initially diagnosed and treated for ADHD but soon after his parents decided that he was being too heavily medicated and wanted him to be taken off the meds. It was discovered shortly after the hospital stay where he was being detoxed, that he actually had Bi polar disorder. At 16 Jacob is still on medications to treat bi polar disorder, but I feel that the over medication and vast array of chemicals he was exposed to when he was a child heavily influenced and distorted his development into adolescence.It is my overall opinion from this video that we need to look at all o ptions when treating children with mental illnesses. Medication can be useful but needs to be monitored carefully and combined with therapies. Parents need to be educated on what the medications can do to their child. The young children in this video will grow up to be adults living in our society and we want them to be as happy, healthy and productive as possible.

Personal Analysis on “the Step Not Taken” by Paul D’Angelo

An essay that I will be examining through the framework of a monomyth archetype is â€Å"The Step Not Taken† by Paul D'Angelo in which he recollects his thoughts and emotions after a Toronto-based event in which he is faced with a young man in an elevator who suddenly and without provocation breaks down in tears, thus putting the author's public persona that he carries for strangers at odds with his inner ego and sense of social self-worth. The questions that the author has explored in the essay were â€Å"Why has the man started crying? , â€Å"What should or could have the narrator done to help? † and â€Å"What might the man's reaction have been if the narrator have done anything differently? †. In this essay, I will assign the author a role of a classic archetypical hero and explore his inner journey that began due to broken social behavioural norms through the grander prism of a monomyth – first paragraph will shine a light on author's separation fro m the ordinary, the sudden actions of a stranger that have unwittingly propelled the hero to partake an deep inner journey and re-examine his inner values.In the second paragraph I will examine author's inner struggle that is present throughout the entire essay and lastly, Next, I will overview author's return and self-balancing reintegration during which he has time to reflect and ponder what could have gone differently in the aforementioned encounter. The closing paragraph will deal with more personal aspects of the essay and examine author's thoughts and epiphany when viewed through a humane and empathetical social position rather than a tale of an archetypical grandiose hero on a spiritual and emotional journey. Also read The Story of an Eyewitness Essay AnalysisThe initial story begins with a quite an ordinary event that is common to all city-dwellers – an elevator ride with a stranger. The author at first assumes a role of a neutral observer in ordinary realm, perhaps maybe with a gist of Sherlock Holmes-like ability to notice finer details on strangers. After a description of the fellow elevator rider, we are introduced to the event that thrusts the narrator in the realm of adventure or uncertainty.While it would be rather rude to perceive a sad and emotional non-fictional encounter in which a grown man suddenly breaks down into tears as a call for an adventure, the narrator has positioned himself as a hero of the story who is faced with a certain emotional obstacle that he must overcome. We, as impartial readers, may assume that as soon as the hero has in any way, shape or form internally accepted the event that has thrust him out of his ordinary environment into the realm of new experiential learning, a quest to return home with some sort of new knowledge or experience has begun.As soon as the hero has accepted his quest, we can fully affirm that the monomythical act of separation has occurred and the hero has began his experiential journey. In Paul D'Angelo's essay, his initial â€Å"benevolent guide† that has placed him on his journey, and the one that he chose to call upon when faced with an unusual circumstance, is surprisingly enough, a set of ephemeral rules and regulations that he called â€Å"typical Toronto elevator etiquette†. These guidelines, if personified, would perfectly fill the niche of a magical goddess being or a guide that many classic heroes would rely upon in their decision making process.After the initial unspoken interaction between two strangers in the elevator, the narrator has been tasked with accepting his quest of something I would call a â€Å"reactionary†, as in, the person who reacts to an irritant, if I were to use a scientific lingo. At this point, whether the narrator liked it or not, he has fully accepted his quest of deciding which social role he would play – a good Samaritan who expresses some sort of empathy to a fellow human being in distress or an actor who chooses to pretend that nothing unusual is happening and carries on with his â€Å"act† that he has planned beforehand – leaving the elevator car at floor ten.That is, in many ways, his first and final test on his very short journey from floor one to floor ten. In the timespan of seconds, the hero had to decide whether or not he will give in his â€Å"shadow† and will play it safe by ignoring the troubled man or whether he will become an empathetical being who would share the pain of a stranger. Lastly, we are presented with myriad of questions that the author has posed to himself throughout and after the entire ordeal. It would seem to me that it is at this stage the author has entered his â €Å"inner sanctum† where he could reflect on his social quest.Halfway through the essay the narrator states that â€Å"the few people I have told about the incident all say I did the proper thing† which suddenly shifts the entire story away from the elevator scene and somewhere safe where our hero had time to think and reflect on his experience. This is the end point of his journey, as he has returned home where he he had assumed a position of a more experienced individual who has acquired new social wisdom and has shared his knowledge to others, a final part of the monomythical cycle.This entire journey and reflective questions has reminded me of a inner journey undertaken by Jack London's White Fang, where the story follows a wolf pup who explores his surroundings and when taken into care by humans, tries to learn the humans ways and similar to our elevator hero, tries to figure out whether to show empathy to another being's suffering or stay safe and at home. While there is no question that a emotional journey did take place, it is hard to say whether the protagonist has actually completed his social quest or not.Sure, there were many questions that he has raised to himself, but they were never fully answered. To me, numerous questions without clear answers show that the narrator has not fully integrated the experience that has caused him to raise the concerns about himself or the weeping stranger. Author's final epiphany regarding doing the â€Å"right thing† and not the â€Å"big-city thing† reflects back to the idea of taking the â€Å"elevator etiquette† as his guide at the time of need.Sure, there are time where one needs to play the ignorance card, but thinking that feeling unempathic towards your fellow commuter is something that big cities are abundant with is a very wrong stance to take, in my opinion. Perhaps, it is a â€Å"men don't cry† stereotype that was at play here and it is very much debatable wheth er one should keep up the image or try to break down such notions.While such stereotype is still relevant to today's world, I disagree with the author that there is a clear cut answer as to what he should have done in his encounter, but the fact that he did write his essay shows to me one important thing – he did want to show some sort of support to the stranger in need. It is just that in modern day and age, we more often than not have too little time and disposition to thoughtfully and timely react to an event that might be only several seconds long, but may haunt us for a lifetime.

Absolutism and Parliamentary Rule in England Essays

Absolutism and Parliamentary Rule in England Essays Absolutism and Parliamentary Rule in England Essay Absolutism and Parliamentary Rule in England Essay During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, England had many rulers who held varying religious beliefs. These competing religious ideologies tore England apart. Issues such as the divine right of kings, the conflict between the English Monarchy, and the Protestant Reformation would all lead England to rule with a parliamentary monarchy. The Protestant Reformation (1517-1618) was a great religious movement that began in Germany and spread through Northern Europe. At this time, the medieval Roman Catholic Church was under scrutiny for abusing their power. People everywhere could be heard complaining about the clergy’s exemption from taxation and, in many instances, also from the civil criminal code. People also grumbled about having to support church offices whose occupants actually lived and worked elsewhere. Townspeople also expressed concern that the church had too much influence over education and culture (Craig, Graham, Kagan, Ozment, Turner, 2009, p. 510). † The Protestant Reformation eventually broke the religious unity of Europe and began to divide Roman Catholics. Two of the greatest monarchs were the Tudors (1485-1603) and the Stuarts (1603-1714). The Tudor period saw the confusion and upheaval of two changes of official religion, Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. The Stuart dynasty was the result of the end of the Tudor monarchs with no heirs to the throne. The first Tudor king was Henry VII (1457-1509). â€Å"Henry shrewdly construed legal precedents to the advantage of the crown, using English law to further his own ends. He confiscated so much noble land and so many fortunes that he governed without dependence on Parliament for royal funds, always a cornerstone of strong monarchy (Craig, et al. , p. 486). When he died, the monarch’s finances were in a healthy surplus and the realm itself stable. King Henry VIII (1491-1547) reigned from 1509-1547. The English Reformation began during the reign of King Henry VIII. It began because King Henry VIII wanted a divorce from his wife Catherine because he had no male heir. The papacy denied his request for a divorce. Thomas Cromwell decided Parliaments powers should be us ed to decide. This resulted in a series of Acts that cut back papal power and influence. Henry VIII was granted his divorce and promptly married Anne Boyeln. Pope Clement VII (1478-1534) responded with excommunication. Legislation from Parliament backed King Henry VIII’s decision to break away from the Roman Catholic Church. The Parliament believed that England was an empire that was governed by one supreme king who possessed authority within the realm and that no excommunications from Rome were binding. By doing this, Parliaments involvement in making religious and dynastic changes was firmly established. This in turn forced clergy, office holders, and others to choose an allegiance to either the king or the Pope. Due to the population overall being upset with the Roman Catholic Church because of the way they made money, Henry was able to use this to his advantage. In 1534 Henry established the Church of England as the official state church, with himself as the Supreme Head of the Church. This effectively ended the papal power. Another effect of the English Reformation was the Dissolution of Monasteries (1536-1541). King Henry VIII retaliated against the Pope by breaking up and selling off monastic lands and possessions. The smaller monasteries were shut down by 1536 while the larger and more valuable ones were shut by 1540. King Henry VIII’s marriage to Anne Boyeln (1507-1536) also failed to produce a male heir. Anne was charged with treason and executed in 1536. Henry VIII married his third wife, Jane Seymour (1508-1537), in 1537. Edward VI (1537-1553) was the result of this union. Edward was educated by people who believed in Protestantism so that Henry VIII’s anti-papal nature was more firmly enforced. During Edward’s reign, the Church of England became even more Protestant since Edward himself was firmly entrenched in Protestant beliefs. â€Å"Under his regents, England enacted much of the Protestant Reformation. Henry’s Six Articles and laws against heresy were repealed, and clerical marriage and Communion with the cup were sanctioned. An Act of Uniformity imposed Thomas Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer on all English churches, which were stripped of their images and altars. His forty-two-article confession of faith set forth a moderate Protestant doctrine (Craig, et al. , p. 507). † During the reign of Queen Mary I (1553-58) Roman Catholicism was restored to England, and Protestants were repressed. â€Å"Mary Tudor succeeded to the throne and restored Catholic doctrine and practice with a single-mindedness that rivaled that of her father (Craig, et al. p. 507). † Mary was succeeded on the throne by her half-sister, Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) who was Protestant, therefore restoring Protestantism to England. â€Å"An astute, if sometimes erratic, politician in foreign and domestic policy, Elizabeth was one of the most successful rulers of the sixteenth century (C raig, et al. , p. 516). † With assassination attempts by Catholic extremists along with Mary, Queen of Scots (1542-1587), and attempts to overthrow Elizabeth encouraged by the Pope, the Protestants grew suspicious of the Catholics which led to more persecutions of Catholics. In 1603, King James I (1603-1625) succeeded Queen Elizabeth I. James I was also known as James VI of Scotland. He was the first king of the Stuart dynasty. King James I was known for being tolerant in terms of religious faith. In fact, his wife, Queen Anne (1574-1619), was a Catholic. However, the Gunpowder Plot in 1605, which was an attempt by conspirators to blow up the Houses of Parliament, resulted in the strict penalties being imposed on Roman Catholics. King James I was a believer in the divine right of kings. Throughout Europe, monarchs maintained control of their kingdoms because of the belief that monarchs were chosen by God to rule and not by the people. The divine right of kings gave them authority over government and limited the rights of their subjects. Any attempt to get rid of a monarch or restrict his powers ran against the will of God. Charles I (1625-1649) was the son of King James I and took the throne after his father’s death. He also believed in the divine right of kings. King Charles I inherited tensions, especially regarding finances, with Parliament from his father. Both King James I and King Charles I tried to rule as much as possible without Parliament interference. They â€Å"also resisted the Puritan demands and at the same time favored peaceful relations with the Roman Catholic powers Spain and France. Consequently the first two Stuarts confronted a combined political and religious opposition to their efforts to make the English monarchy the supreme power in the land (Craig, et al. , p. 608). † Due to the continuing conflict between King Charles I and Parliament, by 1642 a civil war began primarily over religion and arbitrary taxation. By 1645, Parliament along with Puritan forces had won the battle with Parliament soon abolishing â€Å"the monarchy, the House of Lords, and the established Church of England. What replaced them was a Puritan republic led by Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658), the victorious general in the civil war (Craig, et al. , p. 608). † Puritan disillusionment allowed for the Stuart monarchy to be restored with King Charles II (1630-1685). In 1685 King James II (1633-1701), who was a Roman Catholic, became monarch. In 1688 the Glorious Revolution began that â€Å"finally limited royal authority and established the supremacy of the Parliament (Craig, et al. p. 640)† with William III and Mary II at the throne. England had many rulers ascend to the throne with different religious and political agendas. Throughout, Protestantism and Catholicism varied as the primary religions. Parliament fought back and forth with the monarch over power. By the time of the Glorious Revolution, Englan d ruled with a parliamentary monarchy. ? References Craig, A. Graham, W, Kagan, D, Ozment, S, Turner, F. (2009). The heritage of world civilizations. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education Inc.

Quotes From President Andrew Jackson

Quotes From President Andrew Jackson Like most presidents, Andrew Jackson had speechwriters, and as a result, many of his speeches were elegant, brief, and rather low-key, despite some of the chaos of his presidency. Andrew Jacksons election to the United States presidency in 1828 was seen as the rise of the common man. According to the election rules of the day, he lost the election of 1824 to John Quincy Adams, although in fact Jackson had won the popular vote, and tied Adams in ​the electoral college, but lost in the House of Representatives. Once Jackson became president, he was one of the first to truly utilize the power of the presidency. He was known for following his own strong opinions and vetoing more bills than all presidents before him. His enemies called him King Andrew. Many quotations on the internet are attributed to Jackson, but lack citations to give context or meaning to the quotation. The following list includes quotes with the sources where possibleand a handful without. Verifiable Quotes: Presidential Speeches Verifiable quotations are those that can be found in specific speeches or publications of President Jackson. In a free government, the demand for moral qualities should be made superior to that of talents. (from a rough draft of his Inaugural Address) It will be my sincere and constant desire to observe toward the Indian tribes within our limits a just and liberal policy, and to give that humane and considerate attention to their rights and their wants which is consistent with the habits of our Government and the feelings of our people. (from Jacksons First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1829) Without union, our independence and liberty would never have been achieved; without union, they never can be maintained. (Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1833) There are no necessary evils in government. Its evils exist only in its abuses. (message to the U.S. Senate regarding his veto of a proposed Bank of the United States, July 10, 1832) Verifiable Quotes: Proclamations The individual who refuses to defend his rights when called by his Government deserves to be a slave, and must be punished as an enemy of his country and friend to her foe. (Proclamation before he became president, declaring martial law in New Orleans during the War of 1812, December 2, 1814) The moment we engage in confederations, or alliances with any nation we may from that time date the downfall of our republic. (Warning to John C. Calhoun who had announced to Congress that he was going to be attending a conference in Panama to improve relations and discuss the possibility of Northern intervention in Latin America, in 1828) The wisdom of man never yet contrived a system of taxation that would operate with perfect equality. (Proclamation to the People of South Carolina, written by Edward Livingston and issued by Jackson on December 10, 1832, at the height of the Nullification Crisis) Unverified Quotations These quotations have some evidence that they may have been used by Jackson, but cannot be verified. Any man worth his salt will stick up for what he believes right, but it takes a slightly better man to acknowledge instantly and without reservation that he is in error. (also attributed to General Peyton C. March) One man with courage makes a majority. (This is an old adage which was written by the 16th-century Scottish reformer John Knox, that may or may not have also been quoted by Jackson) This quotation appears on the Internet as attributed to Jackson but without a citation, and it doesnt sound like Jacksons political voice. It could have been something he said in a private letter: I can say with truth that mine is a situation of dignified slavery. Sources Dirck BR. 2007. The Executive Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics. Sacramento: ABC-CLIO.Farwell B. 2001. The Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Land Warfare: An Illustrated World View. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.Keyes R. 2006. The Quote Verifier: Who Said What, Where, and When. New York: St. Martins Griffin.Northrup CC, and Prange Turney EC. 2003. Encyclopedia of Tariffs and Trade in U.S. History. Volume II Debating the Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.issues : selected primary documents.

Audit Planning Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Audit Planning - Coursework Example For the success of the planning process, an auditor has to observe several steps. They include risk assessment, conducting a survey, planning meeting and definition of scope and objectives of the audit. Risk assessment is purposed to determine the risks involved in the planned audit. These risks if any can be evaluated to determine their levels and whether or not to be included in the current review. It also helps in deciding the extent of involvement of professionals with the specialised skills during the review process. In most occasions, these assessments are discussed with the firm’s department to get their perspective on the risks identified and their views. A preliminary survey is conducted to allow an auditor get an overall understanding of the various departments within an organization and their operations. This helps in planning on time and resource allocation to the different audit areas. It also helps in identification of the direction, management and supervision of resources. This stage also enables auditors to design the strategy of the audit process for effective exercise and on time management. After completion of the survey, a meeting with the organization’s heads is usually convened. This usually is carried out to discuss the strategies for the audit, and ensure that the information gathered during the survey is accurate and reviewing the level of risk assessed. Discussion of the audit scope and objectives is done at this stage. Documentation of the overall audit strategy and plan is compiled, and then the review process is then rolled to the firm. An effective audit process can be executed if there exists a clear understanding of the client’s business operations. It is usually a challenge for many auditors to perform their operations without having knowledge of their client’s business. It is a requirement in the International Standards on Auditing for the auditor to have knowledge about the company and its

How to Look Good when Pregnant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How to Look Good when Pregnant - Essay Example After all the pregnancy condition is a celebration of your female nature especially motherhood. There is no need to spoil the joy with a dull look. There is no proper reason to do that since there are abundant stores in our country, which offers a number of fashions that will help you look impressive in the period of pregnancy. If you think of price, there are varied fashions that are suitable for you at your power to purchase. What you ought to do is choosing the best out of the best, nothing else. This article gives you everything you need to look good when you are pregnant. What should you wear when pregnant Your look generally depends on the type of clothes you wear. For you to look good when pregnant, you have to be smart in your selection of clothing. In the ancient times, people used to hide their bellies when they are pregnant. If you still use them, then you have to read this article with a lot of keenness. Pitched in a tent like dresses were used by the mothers so that they could not be noticed in any way that they were pregnant. This culture has long ceased, and in today’s world, there are fashions and styles of making clothes that will always make you look beautiful and impressive. Here, are some of clothing and possible shops where you can get them. Tops As you know or have realized your bust will always increase when you are pregnant. You need tops that will cover you well as well as make you feel relaxed always. This should not bother you anymore. There are diverse versions of tops which the you can use to fit your increasing body at pocket friendly price. You may choose to wear the empire waist top which pushes over one right below the bust allowing ample space for the bump or use other tops such as stretch t-shirts, flannel shirts, bottom-front shirt among others. All these are found at different sizes in the shops and their prices won’t injure your bank account. Stores that offer such selections at an affordable price are for ins tance the Ann Taylor Loft, the Motherhood Maternity and the sears. Maternity dresses Presently, your pregnancy bump is not something to hide in your dresses. Celebrations should be your theme due to the maternity clothes which are now becoming better looking with each passing day. They will make you look pretty and feel feminine. Never mind of your pants, get stretch pants, which also look a lot better. Tummies are often exposed with dresses that skim the body, jeans that are low waist and even reaped T-shirts. Dresses are the most relaxed piece of clothing to sport while you are pregnant. The dress will also make you look stylish. As one selects a dress to wear while she is pregnant, some considerations must be made. The dresses are fitting through the shoulders and have a neckline that is flattering. These dresses are modeled in a way that to be able to add a jacket or a sweater for a different look. Type of shoes to wear during pregnancy The formal dress will make you look cuter when paired with low heels or boots, earrings, handbag, as well as a little makeup. Pigtails are low safeguarding and sexy all at ago. You can even dress up a roll with a little bit of coverings and elegant clips. Swelling of feet is one of the symptoms of pregnancy. You need to change the shoes you wear in order to be fitted and make you comfortable (Riley 2006). This as well is available, and

John Holland's Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

John Holland's Theory - Essay Example It also explains concepts such as congruence, differentiation, consistency and identity in accordance with Holland’s theory. John Holland believes that humans are attracted to particular work environments in accordance with their personalities and backgrounds and they create specific work stereotypes to choose occupations that satisfy their preferred interests and capabilities (WCU, 2006). A premise of the theory is that people are profoundly influenced by their personality in their ultimate selection of a career and there are six types of personality types which every person falls under one of them. Another premise of Holland’s theory is that there are six analogous model environments that reflect the prevailing physical and social settings of a society (Smart & Feldman, 1998). The six personality types are interrelated and can be cross referenced with the six work environments and the a person that finds his calling in life will benefit from these environments because the characteristics and abilities of his personality reinforced in this setting. A realistic personality type are people who enjoy an active and stable lifestyle that gears them towards choosing jobs that are hands on and required manual abilities such as building, mechanics, machinery operation and athletics (John Hopkins University, 2007). These persons like to be outdoor and can not be confined to the strict environment of an office setting. They visualize work as something you can create in which a tangible result in noticeable and the skill level of a person improves with repetition and experience. They are not the best at dealing with other humans in a work setting. A person with an investigative personality type is a problem solver that is very adept at mathematics and scientific activities. He has the ability to solve complex and abstract problems by

Perceptions of Parents With Down Syndrome

Perceptions of Parents With Down Syndrome A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PERCEPTION OF PARENTS OF CHILDREN WITH DOWN SYNDROME: THE CASE OF A FAMILY IN BAMENDA, CAMEROON AND A FAMILY IN LEUVEN, BELGIUM ABSTRACT Down syndrome is a form of disability which retards the growth of children. This form of disability is perceived differently in different cultures and these different perceptions affect the relationship between the rest of the family and the Down syndrome child. While some cultures see Down syndrome children as abnormal beings that have come back in human form to torment families, others see them as just children who have retarded growth and needs an extra help to grow in their own world. These different perceptions therefore enhance the type of treatment granted to these children by their parents. This article is based on evaluating the perception of parents with Down syndrome children within an African context and a Western context. Case study for the case of African will be based on my experience with Down syndrome children in Bamenda and other available literatures while that of the West will be based on ethnographic study with a family in Leuven. This research will examine the different views on the causes of Down syndrome and how this influences the relationship between the Down syndrome child and the family. Also, this article will analyze the type of treatment provided in these different cultural setting. INTRODUCTION Down syndrome most often is caused by trisomy due to no segregation of chromosome 21 in the formation of the oocyte or spermatocyte and it can also be caused by translocation of trisomy 21. This translocation takes place in instances where a piece of chromosome 21 becomes attached to another chromosome often number 14 during cell division. This disability occurs very often in 1 of every 1000 live birth children. This always leads to impairment in cognitive ability and physical growth which could be very mild of severed with some affected children. The recognition of this is very limited. A great number children suffer from Down syndrome disorder in the world today. Not all these children have the means of being diagnosed to know what they are suffering from due to socio economic reasons. Not being diagnosed is a major problem because it affects their development. The number of children who actually are diagnosed and given adequate treatment is greater in developed countries more than developing countries. The perception parents have about the cause, diagnosis and treatment of children with Down syndrome is an interesting aspect that has a great impact on the development of these children. In the light of different cultural point of view, biomedical and socio-cultural factors play a very important role. Betancourt Lopez, 1993 explains that cultural and familial factors are dynamic, non-static entities rather than objective social address variables impacting on child development. The immediate family is the first teacher of a child and their relationship influences the childs development. White and Hastings (2004), also adds that among other factors, the maintaining of positive perceptions of the child, along with optimistic attitudes, gaining information in order further to understand the nature of the condition, fostering family cohesion, and identifying, and gaining access to, support services are all important in the childs development. This is why parents perception about the childs disability whether being biomedical or socio-cultural has a tremendous impact on the childs development. While the modern context perceives biomedicine and other social problems as the cause of this disability, a purely traditional context perceives supernatural, magical, religious and metaphysical factors as the cause of this disability. This different perception affects the relationship between the child and the family and also influences the kind of treatment provided for the children. This article therefore is based on a comparative study on the perception of parents of children with Down syndrome using the case of a modern context and traditional context. Also, evaluating issue of social stigma which puts the disabled child in an inbetween space. OBJECTIVES Main objective To evaluate a comparative study on how different perceptions due to different cultural believes affect the development of Down syndrome children. Specific objectives To assess what the parents believe to be the cause of this disability. Investigate the type of treatment they give as a result of their different perceptions. Compare the social stigma faced DS children in the different cultural backgrounds. Finally to analyze the impacts of these diverse perception on the child development. RESEARCH QUESTION How do the perceptions of parents of children with Down syndrome affect the childs development? METHODOLOGY The perception of parent of children with Down syndrome is an interesting issue with diverse perceptions. These diverse views are influenced by different socio-cultural environment. All of these views have necessitated a multi- approach in collecting data for this article. The methodology therefore was divided into two parts considering the different cultural settings; Data Collection These included the ways in which data was collected from the field. Questionnaires (individual depth interviews), unstructured interview, key informant interview, lectures from class, group discussion, and participant observation were used to collect data from the family with the Down syndrome child in Leuven. I visited this very welcoming and hospitable family seven times and I was allowed to be an active participant observer. While the source of data for the traditional setting in Cameroon came mostly from past experience with the families of children with Down syndrome in a typical African traditional setting and also secondary data were used to collect data. The particular case I used was a child in my neighbourhood. The Perception of Parents of Children with Down Syndrome in a Tradition African Society In a typical traditional society, disability in general is not seen as normal thing. In most of these societies, disable people are not recognised as human beings but are attributed to different things. Not only do these societies have insufficient means of rehabilitating disabled people but they do not treat them as normal people and they suffer from chronic social stigma. This is also the case of children with Down syndrome. This chapter will present the case of Down syndrome children in a typical African traditional society where the people have a strong attachment to their cultural believes. Also examining how the peoples perception of the cause of Down syndrome affects their relationship with the child. Down syndrome is a disability that has been realised only of recent in most developing countries including Cameroon. Though this disability has been diagnosed in this part of the world, Down syndrome children are still widely seen as abnormal children. In my own town, they are considered as witches. They are believed to have come back to torment parents for one reason or the other. I will like to give a brief story of a Down syndrome child who was my neighbour in my home town. This young girl got married and became pregnant and had a normal pregnancy. She was a hairdresser and her husband a bus driver. During her pregnancy she was always advised not to walk at night because it is a common believe that pregnant women should not walk at night or else they will be possess by evil spirits. This womans job made her work late into the night and she had to trek back home every night from work. When she finally gave birth to a girl called Blandine after her due period, the first thing she noticed about Blandine is that she did not cry immediately she was born. This was abnormal but the doctors said she was ok. The child stayed in the incubator for about two weeks because she was not very active. As Blandine grew we discovered that she was not very active like other children. It became clear when she was about 5months because by then she could not seat not to talk of creeping. She started creeping when she was around 9months which was a very slow rate of growth sin ce she was actually suppose to be standing and trying to walk. Her growth rate was relatively low. Being in a traditional society with strong cultural believes different reasons where attributed for the cause of her retarded growth. When the child was 4months due to this slow development the mother consulted a woman who had being a traditional midwife and she was advised to use the bone of an elephant to strengthen the legs of the child and also to apply mbuma oil which is oil from a particular type of snake. She used all these but there was no improvement. The childs parent visited several other traditional herbalists who said different stories. Most of which said she had being possessed by an evil spirit since she walked late in the night during her pregnancy. For them the only thing she could do was to keep the child near a river so that she can return to where she came from. It is a common believe that when you place such children near a big river, after some rituals they turn into snake and return to the water where they came from. For Blandines parents it was very difficult to do such a thing to her, though this perception greatly affected their relationship with their daughter. At the age of 2year, the child had really grown very big and could not be carried around since she could not walk and there were no baby carriers to carry her. She was always abandoned at home alone for hours. We always heard that when she is alone she will play with other invisible witches or evil spirits. There were perceptions that some of these children turn into old people and eat all the food in the house when they are left alone. We always heard very strange stories about these children which frightened us and people around could hardly accept to carry the little girl. Other pregnant women never went near her because they feared she could possess them too. Other parents also restricted their children from going close to the girl. She was not treated like other children and was always neglected. What worsened the situation is the fact that she was always sick too. The general perception was that she became sick only when her father had money in other that the money will be spen t on her. The parents hardly took her to the hospital but often to a traditional herbalist who will demand several things in cash and kind. Other family problems between the couples were attributed to the child. After she had reached certain age, the coupled tried to have another child to no avail. It was therefore believed that this evil child had blocked the woman of the mother. She was always insulted and asked to go back to where she came from. They coupled had serious marital problems since they couldnt get another child knowing the importance of children in an African context. This little girl was never considered as a child but a burden and disgrace to the family. They family members and neighbours hated the child with much passion. Moreso, the child was maltreated because it was a common believe that if you treat such children well they will still come back if they happen to die and when you give birth to another child. So she was badly treated. The worst came when the father became seriously ill and finally died. All these considered as ill lock was attributed to the child and the hatred increased. At the age of 4 this little girl will be abandoned alone, she played alone and you co uld find her smiling to herself. All we knew was that she was smiling with her people of the spirit world. This little girl became very sick finally died at the age of 4years 3months merely due to ignorance and negligence. Before she died on the several visits to traditional doctors, she had being given a mark on her face. This mark will identify her if she should come back again. The mother was cleansed and purified by a diviner to prevent the child from returning. About a year later the mother became pregnant with her new boyfriend and according to them it was really the disabled child that blocked her womb. The little girl might have died of any of the diseases faced by children suffering from Down syndrome. She might have had one of the following; congenital heart defects, gastroesophageal reflux disease, recurrent ear infections, obstructive sleep apnea, and thyroid dysfunctions which are health problems associated with the disability. With such less medical care this health problem might have generated into a chronic disease which is what killed her. But due to the socio-cultural pe rception of the community in which this child found herself it was not discovered. The above therefore shows how the perception of these parents and the social stigma attached by community in general led to the untimely death of this little girl. This story is common in many parts of Africa especially in some rural areas where some of these children are even killed. Cultural influence has therefore a great impact on every disabled childs development. The Cameroon government and Non Governmental Organisations are trying to educate families and communities of children with this disability. Much still has to be done because sensitisation is mostly done in the urban areas, the people in most rural areas are still left with their traditional perception of this disability and many other disabilities. They still consider disability to be some sort of curse caused by supernatural and other mystical factors. An Ethnographic Study on the Perception of Parents of Children with Down Syndrome in a Contemporary Society In the contemporary world of today, many people try to work very hard so as to meet the high expectations and competition. Disability is seen as an impediment notwithstanding the fact that many disabled people are crossing the disable line, though many still remain in luminal stage. Robert Murphy (1987) confirms this by pointing out that people with disability in general exist in partial isolation from society as undefined, ambiguous people. They are neither here nor there, this is the case with the boy with down syndrome as he still suffers from stigmatisation. Down syndrome is a form of disability that has being diagnosed in many countries all over the world. Measures are there for put in place to help these disable children develop. This part of this article is based on an ethnographic study on a family in Leuven with a child disabled by Down syndrome. The main issue here is finding out the perception of the parents towards toward their disabled child and how it affects their family. When a child is diagnosed of Down syndrome or any other disability the family goes through different stages; there is serious morning and regrets at the beginning, then refusal and guilt follows and finally the if the parents still want the child they then accept the child but some parents do abandoned their disabled children and they are sent to the orphanage. This procedure is also experienced in my case study. This is a family made up of two children, a girl who is the first and a disabled boy called Ben. The mother is a teacher and the father a banker. Ben was born in June 2004 with 2.9kg through normal delivery. At birth the obstertrian had suspected he had this disability because of his facial looks and other associate symptoms and a week later he was diagnosed of Down syndrome. The mother too explained that before then she too had noticed that her son had a facial look which was not very straight like her first daughter had. The doctor explained to them the cause of the disability. And after carrying out a genetic counselling to find out the origin of the translocation, it was discovered that the extra copy of the chromosome 21 was from the mother. The doctor explained to them that this was possible because of the maternal age of child birth. The mother had the second child when she was 42years. At the age of 40 the woman has the chances of 1 in 100 and the chances by the age of 42 inc reases to 1 in 60 which was the case of this family. I asked the parents what their reactions were when Ben was diagnosed of this impediment. The mother responded: I was very shocked and deep within I felt really bad knowing that the fault was from me but what consulted me was that our son was just disabled and not sick. What made me mad with the doctor is that why was this disability not diagnosed during my prenatal checkups, that will have prepared me psychologically Most parents hope to have abled children who will meet their future dreams of becoming independent successful men and women. It is always very shocking when they are told these dreams cannot be met because their lovely kid is disabled. Most tend to blame the doctors at first for one reason or the other. In any case though also shocked, this womans response was a positive one because just knowing that the son was not sick was a good beginning coupled with the fact that she knows she is part of the cause of the sons condition. This goes in line with Danseco, Evangeline R. (1997) who explains in her article that mothers who blamed themselves of their childs disability had less caretaking difficulties and less mood disturbances; they also had more positive scores on scales of emotional and verbal responsiveness, organization of the physical and temporal environment, and maternal involvement with the child. This is the exact situation of this family because the mother looked at the situat ion as something she could handle especially when she later explained that she was obliged to attend the numerous counselling sessions which has greatly helped her relationship with her son. For the mother it was not a permanent situation but temporal though she knew that it was a gradual process which needed a lot of patience as the doctor explained to them. She believed that this is the period when Ben needed much love and concern. The mothers perception of Bens condition was however different from the fathers. It was more than a shock to me, I had wanted a son who will grow to be like me or even better than me. In my heart at that moment I knew that no matter what, the situation was irreversible, because growing up we had a boy in our neighbourhood about my age who had the same problem and never developed much The story about his neighbour could have been true because before the 1980s there were less parental support and the quality of education with Down syndrome children was not the best as it is today. Paul T Roger et al 199 acknowledges this by saying that there have been so many changes in the quality of parents support, the education offered and public acceptance and attitude. According to the father this diagnoses greatly affected his relationship with his son. He knows from his own past experience that not much could be done. He confessed that from that moment the love he had hoped for the son greatly reduced. He was very reluctant to take their son home when he was discharged from the hospital. The elder sister too had her own perception. For her she had wanted a kid brother or sister for a playmate and someone she could confined in. If her brother was diagnosed disable it means he will not be very active to play with her as she had hoped. She felt sad because she knew she will be lonely again with no kid brother to play or confine in. All these were the familys perception immediately the child was diagnosed. These different perceptions affected their relationship with Ben at home. The Relationship At Home As Ben grew old the family interaction also changed. Things were not the same as it used to be with their first daughter. Knowing that there is a person who cannot do anything for himself had to affect the lives of those who were close to him. The mother especially was affected. She said, My whole life changed, I had to do all my best to please my son. This also will make me happy and be appeased with myself. For the mother she continuously blamed herself for the childs condition. Therefore taking care of the child despite all odds was not a problem for her. As a teacher, she continued her teaching practise at home by teaching her son and being very patient with him knowing that he is a very slow learner. She is also involved in much reading on issues concerning Down syndrome. She has also made friends with another woman whose daughter also has the disability. These two women often discuss to find out how their children are improving. The learn development skills from each other which will help their children especially when it worked out for one. Bens mother confirmed that the other lady has given her much hope since her daughter is older and has greatly developed. She always advised her on what to do especially concerning the health and hot temper of the child. As a result of his disability his major health problems are dental problems and feeding difficulties. He has to be taken to the dentist at least once a month. The mother explained that it is her job to do that. The father stays most of the time away from their son unless on very rare occasions when the mother cannot make out time. But when it comes to something concerning their daughter he is very fast in reacting. When I tried to discuss with the woman that maybe is it just for the fact that fathers are attached to their daughters more than their sons, she explained to me that the situation worsen between the father/son relationship only after he was diagnosed. She also added that the husband was very excited when he knew he will have a son and was loving and caring before the diagnosed the child of DS. Though things have improved now considering the condition the wife explained to me she went through, you can still see the lukewarm attitude of the father when you come very close to the family especially when the daughter is around. The third time I visited the family, it was on a bright and warm day and they were having some outdoor activities. I noticed that the father played more with the daughter than the son, and the mother though playing with the two children paid more attention to the son since according to what she said he is a delicate person and I have got to be very careful with him so I always have to keep an eye on him. You see that the perception of Bens disability has divided the family somehow. While the mother considers herself to be the cause of the childs situation and wants to do all she can to please the child and herself, the father has less time for him knowing that his condition can hardly be improved and he is more attached to the daughter whom he believes has a brighter future. The mother of Ben explained to me that the situation between her the husband and the son is even much better now. She said that immediately after the diagnoses, the father could hardly even carry the baby boy. It was so serious that she complained to their doctor and they had to go for counselling on several occasions for the situation to improve upon. She explained that there were moments that Ben will even cry when the father came closer. Ben grew to know and love the mother more. The love the mother and the son shared helped the son to develop much. During his happy moments he quickly learns whatever he is bei ng taught and will hardly forget it especially if its from his mother. The sister also showed him some love though it was restricted because he became very violent at times especially when they are playing games and he wants things to be done his own way. This made her stay away from him. Ben loves watching cartoons, tries to read story books with pictures and most interestingly enjoys exploiting the internet. The Familys Daily Routine and Its Impact on the Disabled Child In the morning everybody tries to get up at 7am. Before the boy tends 3years he used to get up only after 9am. Because of that the mother had to shift most of her lessons to begin from 11am so that she will be sure to go to school early. She had to take him to the child day care every morning after a long fight with him in the morning. While the father takes their daughter to her school at 8pm she stayed behind to clean up the son and persuade him take breakfast. Eating was a problem for him because the mother had to force him to eat every morning. She explains that there were moments that he will cry and become so violent that she also got angry. The few times she had lift him with his father Ben had hardly ate anything because the father was not very patient with him. After work the father or the mother picks the children depending on who is early that day. There are days that they go for sport in the evenings especially in summer. They also go for counselling and special instructi on teaching. The mother always tries to be present during the sessions because they are taught how to improve on their childs language, how to make him independent, improve on his cognitive level and social skills at the level of the family. The father attends it just a few and only when the mother really insist he should come with her. After the age of 3 he was enrolled in a special school for children with such disability so the daily routine in the house had to change. They had to teach him how to get up earlier and he was forcefully pulled out from bed especially during the first few months. The name of his school is where there are other children with such disability. Ben is in a class of 15children and the teacher tries to make the lessons very interactive. In class he has a cordial relationship with his classmate since all of them have almost the same reasoning capacity. The teachers are very patient with them though some of these disabled children maybe very violent. A solid relationship at home and in school will help the child to develop more. Children with this disability who have a very supportive family develop faster than those who do not. Bens mother added that if the father had put in much effort as she has done their son would have been perfect. He needed their full support, patience and tolerance. The mother says that with time she will like her son to attend a general education school. Ben is very interested in computer issues and the mother believes that he can become a great computer scientist and she is doing all her best to encourage him. Bens mother also explained that when Ben goes to the general education school she will hire a teacher from the special education school who can give him three hours a week of extra support classes. He will also continue to attend the rehabilitation centre classes for two hours a week for his speech, physical and occupational therapies like computer, since he seems to be very interested in computer. Most parents with disabled children today prefer their children to attend general education schools. They believe that these children will develop more in such schools since they face challenges with normal children, they will also fight to be like them. Most governments are therefore trying to encourage inclusive education for these children. In Flanders (Belgium), inclusive education for children with significant cognitive disabilities has been emerging in a process of gradual change at the individual, systems, and policy levels for the last 15 years (Van Hove, Mortier et al. 2009). CONCLUSION In the two cases above these children though under different cultural setting do face social stigma because of their disability. In the first case there is total denial of the child by the entire community due to their cultural believes which eventually leads to the dead of the child. With the second case, the child is in a better situation though not completely accepted. The mother though under difficult emotional stress accepts the son and the father and the rest of the society around the child accepts the child from a distance. You see that the environment that a DS child finds himself do influence his development. Ben is in a society where there are basic necessities for children with such impediment though he is indirectly rejected while Blandine did not only lack the resources but was openly rejected. But Ben stands at a better position because he has a loving mother who is hoping to give him the best even when the society does not accept him. This shows that attitude the society has about child with Down syndrome has not changed much because people still see these children as a burden and a disgrace to their parents. Their facial look also makes people to look at them in a funny way. Bens mother also explained that she felt really bad when people openly reject her son. For example, when they go to the park some parents will call back their children if they want to play with her son. She explains that it made her feel rejected herself. This is a stigma that she cannot run from she cannot abandon her no matter what the society says. Though in general people are being sentitised world wide about this disability, considering the child as a normal person is still very difficult. Most people still believe that these children with DS and other associate disabilities cannot grow to become independent and contribute to the economic growth of the society. They fail to understand that with the available resources these children can grow to meet their dreams. What they need is acceptance by all and a bit of patience due to their retarded nature to become full members of the society. These children therefore find themselves in a luminal situation. They are in an inbetween situation in which though the society is making efforts to integrate them, they are still suffering from stigmatisation. They are therefore in an ambiguous stage which most of them including their families dream to come out one day. REFERENCES Betancourt, H. Lopez, S.R. (1993). The study of culture, ethnicity, and race in American psychology. 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